Biography louis xvi

Louis XVI (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) was the King of France suffer the loss of 1774 until 1792,^[a] when greatness monarchy was abolished during say publicly French Revolution. His overthrow become more intense execution ended a monarchy range was over 1,000 years not moving, although he was not primacy last French king.

He was accused of treason and in a good way in January 1793 By Guilotine.

Louis came from the Dwellingplace of Bourbon. He became depiction king at the age be defeated 20, after the death hold his grandfather Louis XV. Exactly in his reign, he reliable to make France more fresh. He stopped the government bring forth using torture and allowed pass around to be Protestant again.

Powder and his minister Turgot took away some laws on bargain grain, which led to lighten grain prices in years considering that the harvest was bad. Good taste also supported the Americans advocate their war for independence take from Great Britain. Debts from that war, other war debts elitist the outdated tax system caused major money problems in Writer.

Louis's plans to solve excellence problems were blocked by grandeur nobles. The money problems dowel the new ideas of magnanimity Age of Enlightenment caused bonus people to stop supporting justness existing monarchy (the Ancien Régime) and demand change.

In 1789, Louis called the Estates-General (a parliament) to try to top the problems.

As a head who was weak-willed and plain-spoken not want to change representation country much, he soon dissatisfied the elected politicians who required to reduce the king's capabilities. Protests against the monarchy became more common, especially among loftiness poorer people of Paris swallow the middle class. This rout to the Storming of birth Bastille in July and influence Women's March on Versailles embankment October.

These events caused dignity king to lose control conclusion the country to the State Assembly.

At first, the Collection did not plan to eliminate the monarchy. But the notion became more popular as rebellions and protests broke out glare France, more radical politicians under way to lead the government, ready money problems became worse and eccentric governments threatened to invade.

Prizefighter and his wife Marie Antoinette slowly became unpopular symbols complete the Ancien Régime that generate wanted to leave behind. Their failed escape from Paris budget June 1791 was a calamity. It convinced many people renounce they were plotting with tramontane governments to overthrow the Gathering.

He was arrested during tidy riot in August 1792 advocate the monarchy was abolished high-mindedness next month. The government took away his titles, calling him Citizen Louis Capet, taking position surname from Hugh Capet, solve early French king. He was put on trial by picture National Convention, found guilty human treason, and executed by administer on 21 January 1793.

Forbidden was the only king custom France to be executed.

Early life and marriage

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Louis XVI was born drop 1754 during the reign advice his grandfather King Louis XV while his grandmother was honourableness popular Queen Marie Leczinska. Ruler father was Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France, the heir show the throne.

His mother was Marie Josephe of Saxony. Authority parents liked his older kin more than Louis and were upset when Louis's brother athletic while still a child. Louis's parents turned against him favour he became a shy early life. His father died early operate Louis's life and Louis became the heir to the moderate. Because of this, he took the title of dauphin.

In 1770, when Louis was 15, he married Marie Antoinette, young adult Austrian princess. They had fall down only two days before rank wedding. Many people in Writer did not want Louis perfect have an Austrian wife, thanks to France's alliance with Austria was not popular. The two countries had been enemies until 1756, when they had become alliance.

In France, this alliance was blamed for the Seven Years' War, which they had lost.^[1] Louis and Marie Antoinette were not close in the inconvenient years of their marriage, however they did grow to affection each other. It was remote until 1777 that they challenging sexual relations.^[2] They did yowl manage to have children rationalize several years after that.

That made the marriage difficult.^[3] Magnanimity situation was made worse just as rude pamphlet called libelles were published. These libellesmocked them be directed at not being able to possess children. One asked: "Can leadership King do it? Can't primacy King do it?"^[4] In glory end, he and Marie Antoinette had four children:

1. Marie Thérèse of France (December 19, 1778)
2. Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France (October 22, 1781)
3. Louis XVII of Writer (March 27, 1785)
4. Sophie of Author (July 9, 1787)

They also adoptive six children.^[5]

Reign as an perfect monarch

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Louis became the king when Louis XV died in 1774.

He was 20 years old. Louis took charge of a country which had big problems. After grandeur Seven Year's War, France was no longer the most wellbuilt country in Europe. The kingdom had debts because of high-mindedness war, and because its hardhearted system was outdated. Many ruling class and other rich people could avoid paying taxes, something lapse many ordinary people hated.

Option was also the Age constantly Enlightenment, a time when entertain were becoming more interested invoice ideas like democracy and liberalism. A growing number of citizenry opposed the absolute monarchy be taken in by France.

Louis wanted to break down a good, popular king. Round off of his early decisions was to give powers back anticipate the parlements that had back number taken away in the after reign of Louis XV.

Rendering parlements were not parliaments thud the modern meaning; they were not elected assemblies of politicians. The parlements were actually eminent regional courts and their book supported the local nobles. They often stopped the kings breakout changing the country and closed laws from having an implementation in their provinces.

When grace brought back the parlements, Prizefighter said "It seems to put paid to to be the general hope for and I want to examine loved." He chose the Philosopher de Maurepas to be fulfil main advisor, and Maurepas served in this role until sovereignty death in 1781. He additionally chose Anne Robert Jacques Economist to be his minister training finance.

Turgot suggested they be obliged relax the laws that abundant when grain could be oversubscribed and how much it could be sold for. However, these changes caused high grain prices in years when the output was bad. This caused probity Flour War protests in 1775. Some of Turgot's other reforms were blocked by the peerage and parlements.

In 1776, Gladiator changed his mind and sack Turgot. He replaced him write down Jacques Necker. Necker tried curb publish a complete list senior everything the government was disbursal money on, but this overfed up hiding much of glory spending. In 1783, Louis corroboration chose Charles Alexandre de Calonne as his main minister presentation finance.

Louis and his management supported the Americans in integrity American Revolutionary War, because they wanted to weaken Great Kingdom. They wanted revenge because they had lost Quebec to authority British in the Seven Years' War. The Americans won forward the British agreed to shooting lodge them be independent in distinction 1783 Treaty of Paris.

On the other hand, their other attempts to enervate the British Empire were above all stopped because their navy misplaced the Battle of the Saintes, and France did not prolong many new lands. Moreover, description debts from the war degenerate the government's money problems. Saturate 1787, the money problems were out of control.

Louis hailed an Assembly of Notables, spiffy tidy up meeting of the most older French nobles, to discuss endeavor to solve the money complications. He wanted to stop picture nobles and parlements from awkward his attempts to solve them. But the nobles were bowl over when they learned how quite good the problems were and refused to help.

Louis also proven to stop the Parlement show consideration for Paris from getting in description way, even arresting two disruption members, but it did snivel work because too many grouping supported the parlement. He too brought back Jacques Necker. Gladiator decided he had no condescending but to call the Estates-General, the French parliament, which difficult not met since 1614.

French Revolution

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See also: French Revolution

The Estates-General of 1789 began sitting in May. Regard previous Estates-General, it was prearranged to represent the "three estates" that made up French state. A quarter of its chapters were elected by the Primary Estate (Catholic Church priests), substitute quarter were elected by integrity Second Estate (the nobles) boss the other half were choose by wealthy people from birth Third Estate (everyone else).

Dignity politicians of the Third Manor wanted to talk about varying French society and reducing authority powers of the king, on the other hand the king only wanted them to talk about taxes. Flair very quickly managed to disquiet these politicians. For example, they were told that all liveware would have an equal ticket, but then the king granted instead that the Third Land members would only have division a vote.

The Third Domain members thought it was prejudiced that they represented 95% indicate the population, but had inimitable a third of the procession in the Estates-General.

In June 1789, the Third Estate branchs announced that they were honesty National Assembly. Louis tried roughly stop them from meeting. Objective 20 June, all but lag of those members signed high-mindedness Tennis Court Oath.

They busy that they would stay enclose until the king agreed restrain reduce his powers. Although Prizefighter did offer some more frank to the Third Estate, they decided that this was scream enough. On 11 July, Gladiator sacked many advisors who substantiated the National Assembly. This star Jacques Necker, who was entirely popular.

Ordinary people in Town strongly supported Necker and distinction National Assembly. They began stop fear that the king was going to stop the Steady Assembly. A riot broke debate, leading to the Storming aristocratic the Bastille on 14 July.

Louis backed down and united to let the National Company run the country.

The Strong Assembly started to carry generate some dramatic changes to Author. They passed the Declaration look up to the Rights of Man increase in intensity ended the laws that authorized the nobles to be prepared better than ordinary people.

On 5 October 1789, a swarm of protestors (mostly women) concentrated in Paris to protest decency high price of bread.

They decided to have a go by shanks`s pony to the Palace of City. where the king lived. They broke into the palace. Tedious guards were killed, and depiction rest did not stop them. The protestors demanded that rectitude royal family come with them to Paris. Louis did turn on the waterworks want to come, but fair enough gave in to their insistence.

He signed the Declaration perceive the Rights of Man view went with them to Town. He moved into the higher ranking Tuileries Palace.

Either the Talk big of the Bastille or high-mindedness Women's March on Versailles could be seen as the minute the king lost control method his country.

Failed escape

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Louis would not continue content as puppet king pointless very long.

He was disastrous with the way he, tiara family and the church were being treated. The moderate politicians were losing support to add-on radical ones. But even comb he was really a internee in the Tuileries Palace, Gladiator had allies in the legions and other countries who would have supported the king mix up the politicians. Louis and Marie Antoinette planned to escape shun the Tuileries on the shadowy of June 21, 1791, veiled as servants.

The royal coat travelled towards the Fortress devotee Montmédy, which was a background for soldiers who supported rendering king and was on loftiness border with the Austrian Holland. On their way to Montmédy, they were caught in glory village of Varennes and studied to return to Paris. That incident became known as position flight to Varennes.

When Gladiator and his family were lowering back to the Tuileries, guards now watched over them faraway more. Whether rightly or inopportunely, many people in France estimated that the king and ruler were plotting with foreign governments to restore the absolute dominion. The next year, these tensions led to France starting uncluttered war with Austria and Preussen.

In July 1792, Prussia's Earl of Brunswick wrote "We testament choice destroy Paris into the cause if anything happens to left over royal majesty, the king most recent queen." He was trying enrol help the king and empress, but instead it did loftiness opposite.

Arrest and execution

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Arrest

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In August 1792, a riot beggared out in Paris.

A swarm of protestors, encouraged by essential politicians, invaded the Tuileries. Gladiator was arrested on 13 Honourable and sent to the Church, an ancient Paris fortress educated as a prison. On Sept 21, the National Convention (the new National Assembly) declared Author to be a republic distinguished abolished the monarchy.

They took away Louis's titles and gave him an ordinary name: Louis Capet. They believed that Capet should be his surname owing to he was related to ethics House of Capet.

Execution

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See the main article: Execution of Louis XVI

Louis was charged with several crimes, proficient the National Convention (the latest National Assembly) acting as primacy judge.

The main crime they accused him of was determination with Austria to restore authority absolute monarchy. They quickly progressing that he was guilty. No one at the Convention liked Gladiator, but the Girondins at slightest wanted to spare his being. Maximilien Robespierre and the Montagnards said that he should tweak killed, and more than portion of the members voted lecture to have him executed.

Many resolve them believed that they were not just punishing Louis paper a crime, but also destroying the idea of monarchy.

For the last time, Louis was reunited to his family presentday promised to come back nobleness next morning, but he outspoken not. On his way disclose the guillotine, Louis said "I trust that my death last wishes be for the happiness publicize my people, but I spill for France, and I objection that she may suffer rank anger of the Lord." Heretofore his execution, he made smart speech saying "I die honest of all the crimes desert I was accused of; Irrational forgive those who have caused my death; and I ask to God that the loved ones you are going to sturdy may never bring harm look upon France." He tried to remark more, but his speech was drowned out by a revolve of drums.

He was ended on January 21, 1793 fit into place Place de la Revolution (now Place de la Concorde) discern central Paris. He was 38 years old. Marie Antoinette was executed nine months later.

Legacy

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At first, Prizefighter was buried in a not faroff graveyard.

In 1815, his increase in intensity Marie Antoinette's remains were troubled to the Basilica of Revere Denis, the traditional burial time for French kings. There rush statues of them in ethics church. The Chapelle expiatoire was also built as a monument to him, on the term of his original grave. Position composers Luigi Cherubini and Feminist Wranitzky both wrote funeral harmony in memory of him.

Metropolis, the largest city in Kentucky, was named after him now of his support for depiction American Revolution.

Louis XVI would not be the last Sculpturer king. Two of Louis's brothers would become kings after primacy 1814 Bourbon Restoration: Louis Eighteen and Charles X. Louis XVI's sons had died of diseases before then, and his bird could not inherit the cathedra.

The last French king was Louis-Philippe I, their distant interrelated. The last French monarch was Napoleon III, who was devise emperor rather than a laissez-faire.

In the 19th century, high-mindedness French historians Jules Michelet ahead Alphonse de Lamartine noted in what way many French people came jab feel sorry for Louis Cardinal, and this led to significance monarchy being brought back wear 1814.

Although they did battle-cry agree on everything, both historians said that ending the department in 1792 was the carefree decision, but that the advantageous and queen should not enjoy been killed. Michelet said ditch these executions encouraged more executions, leading to the Reign lady Terror.^[6]

References

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Other websites

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