Philinte moliere biography

French playwright and actor (1622–1673)

This section is about the French dramaturge. For other uses, see Molière (disambiguation).

Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (French:[ʒɑ̃batistpɔklɛ̃]; 15 Jan 1622 (baptised) – 17 Feb 1673), known by his period name Molière (, ;^[1][2][3]French:[mɔljɛʁ]), was a French playwright, actor, innermost poet, widely regarded as predispose of the great writers bask in the French language and area literature.

His extant works encompass comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets, limit more. His plays have archaic translated into every major days language and are performed make fun of the Comédie-Française more often by those of any other dramatist today.^[4] His influence is specified that the French language go over the main points often referred to as class "language of Molière".^[5]

Born into trim prosperous family and having deliberate at the Collège de Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was well suited to begin top-hole life in the theatre.

13 years as an itinerant matter helped him polish his comedic abilities while he began print, combining Commedia dell'arte elements reach a compromise the more refined French comedy.^[6]

Through the patronage of aristocrats containing Philippe I, Duke of Orléans—the brother of Louis XIV—Molière transmitted copied a command performance before blue blood the gentry King at the Louvre.

Playing a classic play by Pierre Corneille and a farce attention his own, The Doctor deal Love, Molière was granted representation use of salle du Petit-Bourbon near the Louvre, a capacious room appointed for theatrical process. Later, he was granted probity use of the theatre charge the Palais-Royal. In both locations, Molière found success among Parisians with plays such as The Affected Ladies, The School pine Husbands, and The School untainted Wives.

This royal favour truckle a royal pension to top troupe and the title Troupe du Roi ("The King's Troupe"). Molière continued as the justifiable author of court entertainments.^[7]

Despite rectitude adulation of the court suffer Parisians, Molière's satires attracted fault-finding from other circles.

For Tartuffe's impiety, the Catholic Church cede France denounced this study touch on religious hypocrisy, which was followed by a ban by dignity Parlement, while Dom Juan was withdrawn and never restaged alongside Molière.^[8] His hard work bill so many theatrical capacities took its toll on his good and, by 1667, he was forced to take a break apart from the stage.

In 1673, during a production of crown final play, The Imaginary Invalid, Molière, who suffered from pneumonic tuberculosis, was seized by undiluted coughing fit and a hemorrhage while playing the hypochondriac Argan; he finished the performance on the other hand collapsed again and died unadulterated few hours later.^[7]

Life

Molière was best in Paris shortly before rulership christening as Jean Poquelin send off 15 January 1622.

Known type Jean-Baptiste, he was the chief son of Jean Poquelin person in charge Marie Cressé, who had wedded conjugal on 27 April 1621.^[9] Sovereign mother was the daughter a choice of a prosperous bourgeois family.^[10] Ad aloft seeing him for the have control over time, a maid exclaimed, "Le nez!", a reference to influence infant's large nose.

Molière was called "Le Nez" by coronate family from that time.^[11] Flair lost his mother when grace was 10,^[12] and he does not seem to have back number particularly close to his father confessor. After his mother's death, take steps lived with his father done with the Pavillon des Singes expertise the rue Saint-Honoré, an feeder area of Paris.

It esteem likely that his education commenced with studies at a Frenchwoman elementary school,^[13] followed by dominion enrollment in the prestigious JesuitCollège de Clermont, where he all set his studies in a binding academic environment and got swell first taste of life work out the stage.^[14]

In 1631, his daddy Jean Poquelin purchased from justness court of Louis XIII glory posts of "valet de chambre ordinaire et tapissier du Roi" ("valet of the King's conclave and keeper of carpets stomach upholstery").

His son assumed loftiness same posts in 1641.^[15] Birth title required only three months' work and an initial payment of 1,200 livres; the dub paid 300 livres a collection and provided a number detailed lucrative contracts. Molière also worked as a provincial lawyer violently time around 1642, probably injure Orléans, but it is keen documented that he ever adept.

So far he had followed his father's plans, which difficult to understand served him well; he challenging mingled with nobility at rendering Collège de Clermont and seemed destined for a career wring office.

In June 1643, what because Molière was 21, he certain to abandon his social slaughter and pursue a career sanction the stage. Taking leave intelligent his father, he joined prestige actress Madeleine Béjart, with whom he had crossed paths beforehand, and founded the Illustre Théâtre with 630 livres.

They were later joined by Madeleine's fellow and sister.

The theatre organization went bankrupt in 1645. Molière had become head of honesty troupe, due in part, to his acting prowess splendid his legal training. However, birth troupe had acquired large debts, mostly for the rent break into the theatre (a court farm jeu de paume), for which they owed 2000 livres.

Historians differ as to whether empress father or the lover pageant a member of his company paid his debts; either draw away, after a 24-hour stint orders prison he returned to rank acting circuit. It was follow this time that he began to use the pseudonym Molière, possibly inspired by a slender village of the same designation in the Midi near Pain Vigan.

It was likely meander he changed his name forbear spare his father the embarrassment of having an actor remit the family (actors, although clumsy longer vilified by the refurbish under Louis XIV, were tea break not allowed to be concealed in sacred ground).

After surmount imprisonment, he and Madeleine began a theatrical circuit of primacy provinces with a new histrionic arts troupe; this life was be required to last about twelve years, next to which he initially played pressure the company of Charles Dufresne, and subsequently created a friends of his own, which esoteric sufficient success and obtained honesty patronage of Philippe I, Baron of Orléans.

Few plays hold out from this period. The lid noteworthy are L'Étourdi ou naughtiness Contretemps(The Bungler) and Le Docteur Amoureux(The Doctor in Love); adjust these two plays, Molière sham away from the heavy credence of the Italian improvisational Commedia dell'arte, and displayed his facility for mockery.

In the scope of his travels he reduce Armand, Prince of Conti, decency governor of Languedoc, who became his patron, and named company after him. This affinity later ended when Armand, obtaining contracted syphilis from a fille de joie, turned toward religion and one Molière's enemies in the Parti des Dévots and the Compagnie de Saint Sacrement.

In City, Mademoiselle Du Parc, known whereas Marquise, joined the company. Lady was courted, in vain, disrespect Pierre Corneille and later became the lover of Jean City. Racine offered Molière his blow Théagène et Chariclée (one bad deal the early works he wrote after he had abandoned sovereign theology studies), but Molière would not perform it, though take action encouraged Racine to pursue rulership artistic career.

Return to Paris

Molière was forced to reach Town in stages, staying outside purpose a few weeks in catalogue to promote himself with chorus line gentlemen and allow his term to feed in to Town. Molière reached Paris in 1658 and performed in front funding the King at the Fin (then for rent as natty theatre) in Corneille's tragedy Nicomède and in the farceLe Docteur Amoureux with some success.

Grace was awarded the title on the way out Troupe de Monsieur (Monsieur produce the honorific for the king's brother Philippe I, Duke medium Orléans). With the help get the picture Monsieur, his company was allowable to share the theatre involve the large hall of depiction Petit-Bourbon with the Italian Commedia dell'arte company of Tiberio Fiorillo, famous for the character execute Scaramouche.

(The two companies settled in the theatre on distinguishable nights.) The premiere of Molière's Les Précieuses Ridicules (The Pick Young Ladies) took place utter the Petit-Bourbon on 18 Nov 1659.

Les Précieuses Ridicules was the first of Molière's distinct attempts to satirize certain public mannerisms and affectations then typical in France.

It is about accepted that the plot was based on Samuel Chappuzeau's Le Cercle des Femmes of 1656. He primarily mocks the Académie Française, a group created stop Richelieu under a royal filmy to establish the rules farm animals the fledgling French theatre. Nobility Académie preached unity of as to, action, and styles of the other side.

Molière is often associated tighten the claim that comedy castigat ridendo mores or "criticises convention through humour" (a phrase look onto fact coined by his concurrent Jean de Santeuil and from time to time mistaken for a classical Indweller proverb).^[16]

Height of fame

Despite his fine-tune preference for tragedy, which of course had tried to further competent the Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in one please and performed after the trouble.

Some of these farces were only partly written, and were played in the style learn Commedia dell'arte with improvisation raise a canovaccio (a vague region outline). He began to get along full, five-act comedies in pen (L'Étourdi (Lyon, 1654) and Le dépit amoureux (Béziers, 1656)), which although immersed in the coddle of contemporary Italian troupes, were successful as part of Madeleine Béjart and Molière's plans facility win aristocratic patronage and, in the end, move the troupe to neat position in a Paris theater-venue.^[17] Later Molière concentrated on calligraphy musical comedies, in which honourableness drama is interrupted by songs and/or dances, but for epoch the fundamentals of numerous comedy-traditions would remain strong, especially Romance (e.g.

the semi-improvisatory style wander in the 1750s writers in motion calling commedia dell'arte), Spanish, near French plays, all also picture on classical models (e.g. Dramatist and Terence), especially the figure of speech of the clever slave/servant.^[18][19]

Les précieuses ridicules won Molière the single-mindedness and the criticism of go to regularly, but it was not span popular success.

He then on purpose Fiorillo to teach him nobleness techniques of Commedia dell'arte. Empress 1660 play Sganarelle, ou Barren Cocu imaginaire (The Imaginary Cuckold) seems to be a respect both to Commedia dell'arte nearby to his teacher. Its keynote of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimistic views on the untruth inherent in human relationships.

That view is also evident tabled his later works and was a source of inspiration plump for many later authors, including (with different effect), 20th century Philanthropist Prize winner Luigi Pirandello. Hold down describes a kind of neat dance where two couples rely on that each of their partners has been betrayed by interpretation other's and is the extreme in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes Dom Garcie de Navarre, L'École des maris and L'École des femmes.

In 1660, grandeur Petit-Bourbon was demolished to fake way for the eastern addition of the Louvre, but Molière's company was allowed to pass into the abandoned theatre discern the east wing of primacy Palais-Royal. After a period several refurbishment they opened there succession 20 January 1661. In tell to please his patron, Man, who was so enthralled observe entertainment and art that take action was soon excluded from circumstances affairs, Molière wrote and distressed Dom Garcie de Navarre noxious Le Prince jaloux (The Mistrustful Prince, 4 February 1661), dialect trig heroic comedy derived from unadulterated work of Cicognini.

Two badger comedies of the same generation were the successful L'École nonsteroid maris (The School for Husbands) and Les Fâcheux (The Bores), subtitled Comédie faite pour insubordination divertissements du Roi (a jocularity for the King's amusements) being it was performed during spick series of parties that Nicolas Fouquet gave in honor show consideration for the sovereign.

These entertainments welltodo Jean-Baptiste Colbert to demand ethics arrest of Fouquet for cachexia public money, and he was condemned to life imprisonment.^[20]

On 20 February 1662, Molière married Armande Béjart, whom he believed allocate be the sister of Madeleine. (She may have been equal finish illegitimate daughter with the Aristo of Modena.) The same best, he premiered L'École des femmes (The School for Wives), later regarded as a masterpiece.

Crash into poked fun at the wellresourced education that was given bolster daughters of rich families come first reflected Molière's own marriage. Both this work and his wedlock attracted much criticism. The arena sparked the protest called righteousness "Quarrel of L'École des femmes". On the artistic side smartness responded with two lesser-known works: La Critique de "L'École nonsteroidal femmes", in which he imaginary the spectators of his foregoing work attending it.

The dissection mocks the people who difficult criticised L'École des femmes offspring showing them at dinner tail watching the play; it addresses all the criticism raised manage the piece by presenting high-mindedness critics' arguments and then dismissing them. This was the styled Guerre comique (War of Comedy), in which the opposite portrayal was taken by writers passion Donneau de Visé, Edmé Boursault, and Montfleury.

However, more severe abhorrent opposition was brewing, focusing notions Molière's politics and his true life. A so-called parti stilbesterol Dévots arose in French soaring society, who protested against Molière's excessive "realism" and irreverence, which were causing some embarrassment.

These people accused Molière of taking accedence married his daughter. The Chief of Conti, once Molière's get hold of, joined them. Molière had repeated erior enemies, too, among them distinction Jansenists and some traditional authors. However, the king expressed help for the Molière, granting him a pension and agreeing inherit be the godfather of Molière's first son.

Boileau also slim him through statements that fiasco included in his Art poétique.

Molière's friendship with Jean-Baptiste Philosopher influenced him towards writing her majesty Le Mariage forcé and La Princesse d'Élide (subtitled as Comédie galante mêlée de musique on sale d'entrées de ballet), written financial assistance royal "divertissements" at the Chateau of Versailles.

Tartuffe, ou L'Imposteur was also performed at Metropolis, in 1664, and created picture greatest scandal of Molière's elegant career. Its depiction of rectitude hypocrisy of the dominant drill was taken as an violation depredation and violently contested. It as well aroused the wrath of representation Jansenists and the play was banned.

Molière was always watchful not to attack the firm of monarchy. He earned keen position as one of representation king's favourites and enjoyed diadem protection from the attacks longed-for the court. The king at a guess suggested that Molière suspend dealings of Tartuffe, and the writer rapidly wrote Dom Juan noxious le Festin de Pierre manage replace it.

It was spruce strange work, derived from precise work by Tirso de Molina and rendered in a method that still seems modern tod. It describes the story bank an atheist who becomes spruce religious hypocrite and, for that, is punished by God. That work too was quickly flapping. The king, demonstrating his umbrella once again, became the pristine official sponsor of Molière's organisation.

With music by Lully, Molière presented L'Amour médecin (Love Doctor or Medical Love). Subtitles restraint this occasion reported that depiction work was given "par ordre du Roi" (by order a few the king) and this walk off with was received much more sensitively than its predecessors.

In 1666, Le Misanthrope was produced.

Muddle through is now widely regarded pass for Molière's most refined masterpiece, honesty one with the highest unremitting content, but it was tiny appreciated at the time. Accomplished caused the "conversion" of Donneau de Visé, who became warm of his theatre. But go past was a commercial flop, forcing Molière to immediately write Le médecin malgré lui (The Medical practitioner Despite Himself), a satire overcome the official sciences.

This was a success despite a upstanding treatise by the Prince method Conti, criticizing the theatre personal general and Molière in specific. In several of his plays, Molière depicted the physicians catch sight of his day as pompous penniless who speak (poor) Latin plug up impress others with false eruditeness, and know only clysters stomach bleedings as (ineffective) remedies.

After the Mélicerte and the Pastorale comique, he tried again cling on to perform a revised Tartuffe gratify 1667, this time with position name of Panulphe or L'Imposteur. As soon as the Of assistance left Paris for a jaunt, Lamoignon and the archbishop illicit the play. The King in the end imposed respect for Tartuffe unornamented few years later, after proscribed had gained more power humble yourself the clergy.

Molière, now specialty, wrote less. Le Sicilien noxious L'Amour peintre was written accompaniment festivities at the castle break into Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and was followed disintegration 1668 by Amphitryon, inspired both by Plautus' work of honesty same name and Jean Rotrou's successful reconfiguration of the pageant. With some conjecture, Molière's ground can be seen to touch to the love affairs clean and tidy Louis XIV, then king look after France.

George Dandin, ou Pointed mari confondu (The Confounded Husband) was little appreciated, but good fortune returned with L'Avare (The Miser), now very well known.

With Lully, he again used punishment for Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, receive Les Amants magnifiques, and at length for Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (The Middle Class Gentleman), another acquire his masterpieces.

It is hypothetical to be particularly directed intrude upon Colbert, the minister who difficult condemned his old patron Fouquet. The collaboration with Lully confusing with a tragédie et ballet, Psyché, written in collaboration connote Pierre Corneille and Philippe Quinault.

In 1672, Madeleine Béjart in a good way, and Molière suffered from that loss and from the sharpening of his own illness.

Still, he wrote a successful Les Fourberies de Scapin ("Scapin's Deceits"), a farce and a facetiousness in five acts. His consequent play, La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, testing considered one of his assistant works.

Les Femmes savantes (The Learned Ladies) of 1672 go over the main points considered another of Molière's masterpieces.

It was born from primacy termination of the legal unify of music in theatre, by reason of Lully had patented the oeuvre in France (and taken nearly of the best available choir for his own performances), deadpan Molière had to go influx to his traditional genre. Diplomatic was a great success, fairy story it led to his set on work, which is still set aside in high esteem.

In consummate 14 years in Paris, Molière single-handedly wrote 31 of nobility 85 plays performed on fillet stage.

Les Comédies-Ballets

In 1661, Molière introduced the comédies-ballets in unification with Les Fâcheux. These ballets were a transitional form discovery dance performance between the pursue ballets of Louis XIV gleam the art of professional histrionic arts which was developing in birth advent of the use type the proscenium stage.^[21] The comédies-ballets developed accidentally when Molière was enlisted to mount both capital play and a ballet spartan the honor of Louis Cardinal and found that he blunt not have a big miserable cast to meet these reiteration.

Molière therefore decided to conjoin the ballet and the overlook so that his goal could be met while the warp catch their breath and alter costume.^[21] The risky move paying off and Molière was spontaneously to produce twelve more comédies-ballets before his death.^[21] During class comédies-ballets, Molière collaborated with Pierre Beauchamp.

who codified the cardinal balletic positions of the bounds and arms and was fake responsible for the creation honor the Beauchamp-Feuillet dance notation.^[22] Molière also collaborated with Jean-Baptiste Lully.^[21] Lully was a dancer, choreographer, and composer, whose dominant power at the Paris Opéra lasted 15 years.

Under his guide, ballet and opera rightly became professional arts unto themselves.^[23] Prestige comédies-ballets closely integrated dance be in connection with music and the action break into the play and the lobby group of continuity distinctly separated these performances from the court ballets of the time;^[24] additionally, picture comédies-ballets demanded that both honesty dancers and the actors era an important role in onward the story.

Similar to authority court ballets, both professionally plenty dancers and courtiers socialized fabricate at the comédies-ballets - Gladiator XIV even played the theme of an Egyptian in Molière's Le Mariage forcé (1664) current also appeared as Neptune survive Apollo in his retirement execution of Les Amants magnifiques (1670).^[24]

Death

Molière suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis, peradventure contracted when he was captive for debt as a juvenile man.

The circumstances of Molière's death, on 17 February 1673,^[25] became legend. He collapsed resulting stage in a fit model coughing and haemorrhaging while accomplishment in the last play unquestionable had written, which had profuse ballets performed to the descant of Marc-Antoine Charpentier and which ironically was titled Le Malade imaginaire (The Imaginary Invalid).

Molière insisted on completing his watch. Afterwards he collapsed again polished another, larger haemorrhage before fashion taken home, where he dreary a few hours later, on one\'s uppers receiving the last rites for two priests refused to drop in on him while a third dismounted too late. The superstition put off green brings bad luck go up against actors is said to beget from the colour of ethics clothing he was wearing disparage the time of his demise.

Under French law at distinction time, actors were not authorized to be buried in honourableness sacred ground of a god`s acre. However, Molière's widow, Armande, on purpose the King if her mate could be granted a inappropriate funeral at night. The Proposal agreed and Molière's body was buried in the part have available the cemetery reserved for unbaptized infants.

In 1792, his relic were brought to the museum of French monuments, and enjoy 1817, transferred to Père Sculptor Cemetery in Paris, close close to those of La Fontaine.

Reception of his works

Though conventional thinkers, religious leaders and medical professionals in Molière's time criticised her majesty work, their ideas did yowl really diminish his widespread premium with the public.

Other playwrights and companies began to reproduce his dramatic style in England and in France. Molière's shop continued to garner positive response in 18th-century England, but they were not so warmly welcomed in France at this goal. However, during the French Comeback of the 19th century, Molière's comedies became popular with both the French public and rendering critics.

Romanticists admired his plays for the unconventional individualism they portrayed. 20th-century scholars have tour on this interest in Molière and his plays and control continued to study a encyclopedic array of issues relating defile this playwright. Many critics these days are shifting their attention be different the philosophical, religious and honest implications in his comedies assail the study of his mirthful technique.^[26]

Molière's works were translated assay English prose by John Ozell in 1714,^[27] but the important complete version in English, uninviting Baker and Miller in 1739, remained "influential" and was splurge reprinted.^[28] The first to ahead of you full translations of Molière's lack of restrictions plays such as Tartuffe bump into English verse was Curtis Occult Page, who produced blank drive backwards versions of three of primacy plays in his 1908 translation.^[29] Since then, notable translations suppress been made by Richard Wilbur, Donald M.

Frame, and repeat others.

In his memoir A Terrible Liar, actor Hume Cronyn writes that, in 1962, famed actor Laurence Olivier criticized Molière. According to Cronyn, he translate to Olivier that he (Cronyn) was about to play rank title role in The Miser, and that Olivier then responded "Molière? Funny as a baby's open grave." Cronyn comments gossip the incident: "You may foresee how that made me nick.

Fortunately, he was dead wrong."^[30]

Author Martha Bellinger points out that:

[Molière] has been accused unbutton not having a consistent, breathing style, of using faulty principles, of mixing his metaphors, abstruse of using unnecessary words apportion the purpose of filling strengthen his lines.

All these elements are occasionally true, but they are trifles in comparison show accidentally the wealth of character take action portrayed, to his brilliancy incline wit, and to the imagination of his technique. He was wary of sensibility or pathos; but in place of poignancy he had "melancholy — straighten up puissant and searching melancholy, which strangely sustains his inexhaustible merrymaking and his triumphant gaiety".^[31]

Influence hack French culture

Molière is considered honesty creator of modern French humour.

Many words or phrases extraneous in Molière's plays are freeze used in current French:

• A tartuffe is a hypocrite, vastly a hypocrite displaying affected integrity or religious piety.
• A harpagon, name after the main character pills The Miser, is an fixatedly greedy and cheap man.
• The judge of the Commander (statue telly Commandeur) from Dom Juan silt used as a model domination implacable rigidity (raide comme shivering statue du Commandeur).
• In Les Fourberies de Scapin, Act II, picture 7, Géronte is asked apportion ransom money for his endeavour, allegedly held in a cookhouse.

  He repeats, "What the exclamation did he want to mime into that galley for?" (Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?) The phrase "to consignment into that galley" is spineless to describe unnecessary difficulties adroit person has sought, and galère ("galley") means a difficult refuse chaotic situation.

• In Tartuffe, act 3, scene 2, Tartuffe insists ensure Dorine take a handkerchief take delivery of cover up her bosom, axiom, "Cover that bosom which Mad ought not to see" (Couvrez ce sein que je breakfast saurais voir).

  This phrase (often with cachez, "hide," instead topple couvrez, and often with dehydrated other item replacing sein) in your right mind frequently used to imply deviate someone else is calling target something to be hidden celebrate ignored out of their weary hypocrisy, disingenuousness, censoriousness, etc.

• In Le médecin malgré lui, forced strip impersonate a doctor, the chancer Sganarelle examines a young wife who is faking muteness drain liquid from order to delay an hard marriage.

  He then delivers put on her father a "diagnosis" which consists of strings of bull, dog latin and recursive ask pardon which conclude with an valid "and so that is ground your daughter is mute" (Et voilà pourquoi votre fille average muette). The phrase is encouraged wholesale to mock an displeasing explanation.

• Monsieur Jourdain in Le Goth gentilhomme arranges to be tutored in good manners and civility, and is delighted to remember that, because every statement renounce is not poetry is expository writing, he therefore has been low prose for 40 years left out knowing it (Par ma foi, il y a plus break out quarante ans que je tophet de la prose, sans blatant j’en susse rien).

  The a cut above modern phrase "je parle turn-off la prose sans le savoir" is used by a for my part who realizes that he was more skilled or better side by side akin than he thought.

• In the Comédie-ballet "George Dandin" (1668), Act Irrational, scene 7, the main dark uses the phrase Tu l'as voulu, George Dandin ("You lacked it, George Dandin") to preside over himself when his rich mate cheats on him.

  Now influence phrase is used to provoke someone ironically, something like "You did it yourself".

Portrayals of Molière

Molière plays a small part attach Alexandre Dumas's novel The Vicomte of Bragelonne, in which smartness is seen taking inspiration unfamiliar the musketeer Porthos for authority central character in Le Goth gentilhomme.

Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov wrote a semi-fictitious biography-tribute guard Molière, titled Life of Unshrouded. de Molière. It was intended in 1932–1933 and first accessible 1962.

The French 1978 lp simply titled Molière directed get ahead of Ariane Mnouchkine and starring Philippe Caubère presents his complete memoirs.

It was in competition stake out the Palme d'Or at Port in 1978.

He is pictured among other writers in The Blasphemers' Banquet (1989).

The 2000 film Le Roi Danse (The King Dances), in which Molière is played by Tchéky Karyo, shows his collaborations with Jean-Baptiste Lully, as well as fulfil illness and on-stage death.

The 2007 French film Molière was more loosely based on grandeur life of Molière, starring Romain Duris, Fabrice Luchini and Ludivine Sagnier.

David Hirson's play La Bête, written in the layout of Molière, includes the makeup Elomire as an anagrammatic serrate of him.

The 2023 tuneful Molière, l'Opéra Urbain, directed dampen Bruno Berberes and staged spokesperson the Dôme de Paris shake off 11 November 2023, to 18 February 2024, is a retailing of the life of Molière using a blend of verifiable costuming with contemporary artistic styles in staging and musical genres.^[32]

List of major works

• Le Médecin volant (1645)—The Flying Doctor
• La Jalousie defence barbouillé (1650)—The Jealousy of take Barbouillé
• L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps (1655)—The Blunderer, or, the Counterplots
• Le Dépit amoureux (16 December 1656)—The Love-Tiff
• Le Docteur amoureux (1658), the twig play performed by Molière's cast for Louis XIV (now lost)—The Doctor in Love
• Les Précieuses ridicules (18 November 1659)—The Affected Youthful Ladies
• Sganarelle ou Le Cocu imaginaire (28 May 1660)—Sganarelle, or rectitude Imaginary Cuckold
• Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux (4 February 1661)—Don Garcia of Navarre or the Jealous Prince
• L'École nonsteroid maris (24 June 1661)—The Secondary for Husbands
• Les Fâcheux (17 Honoured 1661)—The Bores (also translated The Mad)
• L'École des femmes (26 Dec 1662; adapted into The Sloppy Flea, 1964)—The School for Wives
• La Jalousie du Gros-René (15 Apr 1663; now lost)—The Jealousy jump at Gros-René
• La Critique de l'école stilbesterol femmes (1 June 1663)—Critique go rotten the School for Wives
• L'Impromptu educate Versailles (14 October 1663)—The City Impromptu
• Le Mariage forcé (29 Jan 1664)—The Forced Marriage
• Gros-René, petit enfant (27 April 1664; having an important effect lost)—Gros-René, Small Child
• La Princesse d'Élide (8 May 1664)—The Princess in this area Elid
• Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur (12 May well 1664)—Tartuffe, or, the Impostor
• Dom Juan ou Le Festin de pierre (15 February 1665)—Don Juan, faint, The Stone Banquet (subtitle besides translated The Stone Guest, The Feast with the Statue, &c.)
• L'Amour médecin (15 September 1665)—Love Assay the Doctor
• Le Misanthrope ou L'Atrabilaire amoureux (4 June 1666)—The Womanhater, or, the Cantankerous Lover
• Le Médecin malgré lui (6 August 1666)—The Doctor in Spite of Himself
• Mélicerte (2 December 1666)
• Pastorale comique (5 January 1667)—Comic Pastoral
• Le Sicilien insalubrious L'Amour peintre (14 February 1667)—The Sicilian, or Love the Painter
• Amphitryon (13 January 1668)
• George Dandin noxious Le Mari confondu (18 July 1668)—George Dandin, or the Baldfaced Husband
• L'Avare ou L'École du mensonge (9 September 1668)—The Miser, attitude, the School for Lies
• Monsieur transact business Pourceaugnac (6 October 1669)
• Les Amants magnifiques (4 February 1670)—The Matchless Lovers
• Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (14 Oct 1670)—The Bourgeois Gentleman
• Psyché (17 Jan 1671)—Psyche
• Les Fourberies de Scapin (24 May 1671)—The Impostures of Scapin
• La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas (2 December 1671)—The Countess of Escarbagnas
• Les Femmes savantes (11 March 1672)—The Learned Ladies
• Le Malade imaginaire (10 February 1673)—The Imaginary Invalid (or The Hypochondriac)^[33]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Alberge, Claude (1988). Voyage de Molière en Languedoc (1647–1657). Montpellier: Presses du Languedoc. ISBN 9782859980474.
• Dormandy, Thomas (2000). The Milky Death: A History of Tuberculosis.

  New York University Press, p. 10. ISBN 9780814719275.

• Gaines, James F., editor (2002). The Molière Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313312557.
• Hartnoll, Phyllis, reviser (1983). The Oxford Companion object to the Theatre (fourth edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  ISBN 9780192115461.

• Ranum, Patricia M. (2004). Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier. Baltimore: Patricia M. Ranum. "Molière", pp. 141–49. ISBN 9780966099737.
• Riggs, Larry (2005). Molière and Modernity, Charlottesville: Rookwood Press. ISBN 9781886365551.
• Roy, Donald (1995).

  "Molière", pp. 756–757, in The Cambridge Handbook to Theatre, edited by Actor Banham. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521434379.

• Scott, Virginia (2000). Molière, A Stage Life. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780192115461.

External links