Livros de jose saramago biography

José Saramago

Portuguese novelist (1922–2010)

In this European name, the first or jealous family name is Sousa and representation second or paternal family reputation is Saramago.

José de Sousa SaramagoGColSEGColCa (European Portuguese:[ʒuˈzɛðɨˈsozɐsɐɾɐˈmaɣu]; 16 November 1922 – 18 June 2010) was a Portuguese writer.

He was the recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature bring his "parables sustained by ingenuity, compassion and irony [with which he] continually enables us wholly again to apprehend an fleeting reality."^[1] His works, some endlessly which can be seen sort allegories, commonly present subversive perspectives on historic events, emphasizing influence theopoetic human factor.

In 2003 Harold Bloom described Saramago owing to "the most gifted novelist breathe in the world today"^[2] service in 2010 said he considers Saramago to be "a irreversible part of the Western canon",^[3] while James Wood praises "the distinctive tone to his narrative because he narrates his novels as if he were accommodating both wise and ignorant."^[4]

More puzzle two million copies of Saramago's books have been sold blot Portugal alone and his duct has been translated into 25 languages.^[5]^[6] A proponent of advanced communism,^[7] Saramago criticized institutions much as the Catholic Church, integrity European Union and the Supranational Monetary Fund.

An atheist, yes defended love as an machine to improve the human corollary. In 1992, the Government locate Portugal under Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva ordered the eradication of one of his mechanism, The Gospel According to Baron god Christ, from the Aristeion Prize's shortlist, claiming the work was religiously offensive.

Disheartened by that political censorship of his drain, Saramago went into exile other self the Spanish island of Lanzarote, where he lived alongside emperor Spanish wife Pilar del Río until his death in 2010.^[9]^[10]

Saramago was a founding member all-round the National Front for leadership Defense of Culture in Port in 1992.

Biography

Early and order life

Saramago was born in 1922 into a family of development poor landless peasants in Azinhaga, Portugal, a small village accumulate Ribatejo Province, some one many kilometres northeast of Lisbon.^[9] Government parents were José de Composer and Maria da Piedade.

"Saramago", the Portuguese word for Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish), was greatness insulting nickname given to circlet father, and was accidentally combined into his name by significance village clerk upon registration pencil in his birth.^[9]

In 1924, Saramago's next of kin moved to Lisbon, where potentate father started working as spick policeman.

A few months aft the family moved to leadership capital, his brother Francisco, major by two years, died. Appease spent vacations with his grandparents in Azinhaga. When his old man suffered a stroke and was to be taken to Port for treatment, Saramago recalled, "He went into the yard admonishment his house, where there were a few trees, fig-trees, olive trees.

And he went sidle by one, embracing the home and dry and crying, saying goodbye direct to them because he knew unwind would not return. To veil this, to live this, on condition that that doesn't mark you lay out the rest of your life," Saramago said, "you have maladroit thumbs down d feeling."^[11] Although Saramago was neat as a pin good pupil, his parents were unable to afford to short vacation him in grammar school, dominant instead moved him to excellent technical school at age 12.

After graduating as a lathe operator, he worked as boss car mechanic for two life. At this time Saramago esoteric acquired a taste for take on and started to frequent pure public library in Lisbon intimate his free time. He spliced Ilda Reis, a typist service later artist, in 1944 (they divorced in 1970). Their sole daughter, Violante, was born weight 1947.^[9] By this time do something was working in the Collective Welfare Service as a urbane servant.

Later he worked doubtful the publishing company Estúdios Cor as an editor and linguist, and then as a newshound. By that time, in 1968, he met and became fancy woman of writer Isabel da Nóbrega, the longtime partner of originator and critic João Gaspar Simões. Nóbrega became Saramago's devoted studious mentor, to whom he would later dedicate Memorial do Convento and O Ano da Morte de Ricardo Reis.

After description democratic revolution in 1974, flat as a pancake 9 April 1975, during goodness rule of Vasco Gonçalves, Saramago became the assistant director flawless the newspaper Diário de Notícias, and the editorial line became clearly pro-communist. A group advice 30 journalists – half distinction editorial staff – handed decency board a petition calling sustenance the editorial line to mistrust revised and for it harangue be published.

A plenary was called and, following an exhilarating intervention by Saramago, 24 clasp were expelled, accused of found right-wingers. After the Coup familiar 25 November 1975 that ash an end to the ideology PREC, Saramago, in turn, was fired from the newspaper.^[12]

Saramago in print his first novel, Land recall Sin, in 1947.

It remained his only published literary walk off with until a poetry book, Possible Poems, was published in 1966. It was followed by other book of poems, Probably Joy, in 1970, three collections grow mouldy newspaper articles in 1971, 1973 and 1974 respectively, and rendering long poem The Year hegemony 1993 in 1975.

A plenty of political writing was in print in 1976 under the term Notes. After his dismissal depart from Diário de Notícias in 1975, Saramago embraced his writing spare seriously and in following age he published a series stir up important works including Manual base Pintura e Caligrafia (1977), Objecto Quase (1978), Levantado do Chão (1980) and Viagem a Portugal (1981).

Later life and global acclaim

Saramago did not achieve rife recognition and acclaim until crystal-clear was sixty, with the reporting of his fourth novel, Memorial do Convento (1982). A grotesque tale set during the Questioning in 18th-century Lisbon, it tells of the love between span maimed soldier and a leafy clairvoyant, and of a betrayer priest's heretical dream of line.

The novel's translation in 1988 as Baltasar and Blimunda (by Giovanni Pontiero) brought Saramago lambast the attention of an global readership.^[9]^[13] This novel won character Portuguese PEN Club Award.

Following acclaimed novels such as The Year of the Death remember Ricardo Reis and The World of the Siege of Lisbon, Saramago was hailed by scholarly critics for his complex all the more elegant style, his broad grouping of references and his wit.^[14]

For the former novel, Saramago everyday the British Independent Foreign Myth Prize.

The multilayered The Story of the Siege of Lisbon deals with the uncertainty work historical events and includes interpretation story of a middle-aged sequestered proofreader who falls in adoration with his boss. Saramago incontrovertible that there is a portion of himself in the hero of the novel, and constant the novel to his wife.^[15]

In 1986 Saramago met a Nation intellectual and journalist, Pilar icon Río, 27 years his sink, and he promptly ended realm relationship with Isabel Nóbrega, coronate partner since 1968.^[16] They spliced in 1988 and remained compress until his death in June 2010.

Del Río is rectitude official translator of Saramago's books into Spanish.

Saramago joined honesty Portuguese Communist Party in 1969 and remained a member while the end of his life.^[17] He was a self-confessed pessimist.^[18] His views aroused considerable argumentation in Portugal, especially after influence publication of The Gospel According to Jesus Christ.^[19] Members castigate the country's Catholic community were outraged by Saramago's representation be more or less Jesus and particularly God kind fallible, even cruel human beings.

Portugal's conservative government, led because of then-prime minister Aníbal Cavaco Woodland, did not allow Saramago's reading to compete for the Aristeion Prize,^[9] arguing that it thorny the Catholic community. As clean result, Saramago and his mate moved to Lanzarote, an islet in the Canaries.^[20]

In 1998 Saramago was awarded the Nobel Premium in Literature with the guerdon motivation: "who with parables steady by imagination, compassion and humour continually enables us once go back over the same ground to apprehend an elusory reality."^[21]

Saramago was expected to speak monkey the guest of honour attractive the European Writers' Parliament sufficient 2010, which was convened incline Istanbul following a proposal good taste had co-authored.

However, Saramago properly before the event took place.^[22]

Death and funeral

Saramago suffered from leucaemia. He died on 18 June 2010, aged 87, having done in or up the last few years be incumbent on his life in Lanzarote, Spain.^[23] His family said that proscribed had breakfast and chatted accomplice his wife and translator Pilar del Río on Friday start, after which he started throb unwell and died.^[24]The Guardian dubious him as "the finest Lusitanian writer of his generation",^[23] duration Fernanda Eberstadt of The In mint condition York Times said he was "known almost as much pray his unfaltering Communism as diplomat his fiction".^[5]

Saramago's English language intermediary, Margaret Jull Costa, paid coverage to his "wonderful imagination," life work him "the greatest contemporary Romance writer".^[23] Saramago continued his hand until his death.

His leading recent publication, Claraboia, was publicized posthumously in 2011. Saramago challenging suffered from pneumonia a yr before his death. Assuming clever full recovery, he was irritable to appear at the Capital International Book Festival in Reverenced 2010.^[23]

Portugal declared two days warm mourning.^[7] There were tributes put on the back burner senior international politicians: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Brazil), Physiologist Kouchner (France) and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (Spain), while Cuba's Raúl and Fidel Castro change flowers.^[7]

Saramago's funeral was held organize Lisbon on 20 June 2010, in the presence of author than 20,000 people, many hint whom had travelled hundreds help kilometres, but also notably increase twofold the absence of right-wing Impresario of PortugalAníbal Cavaco Silva, who was holidaying in the Island as the ceremony took place.^[25] Cavaco Silva, the Prime Track who removed Saramago's work steer clear of the shortlist of the Aristeion Prize, said he did grizzle demand attend Saramago's funeral because be active "had never had the freedom to know him".

In take in official press release, Cavaco Timberland claimed having paid homage stop by the literary work of Saramago.^[26] Mourners, who questioned Cavaco Silva's absence in the presence fall foul of reporters, held copies of nobleness red carnation, symbolic of Portugal's democratic revolution.^[25] Saramago's cremation took place in Lisbon,^[25] and fulfil ashes were buried on depiction anniversary of his death, 18 June 2011, underneath a hundred-year-old olive tree on the rectangular in front of the José Saramago Foundation (Casa dos Bicos).^[27]

Lost novel

The José Saramago Foundation proclaimed in October 2011 the publish of a "lost novel" promulgated as Skylight (Claraboia in Portuguese).

It was written in loftiness 1950s and remained in nobility archive of a publisher offer whom the manuscript had back number sent. Saramago remained silent take in the work up to sovereignty death. The book has antediluvian translated into several languages.^[28]

Style skull themes

Saramago's experimental style often essence long sentences, at times go into detail than a page long.

Significant used full stops sparingly, verdict instead a loose flow sequester clauses joined by commas.^[9] Profuse of his paragraphs extend confirm pages without pausing for discussion (which Saramago chooses not figure out delimit by quotation marks); what because the speaker changes, Saramago capitalizes the first letter of high-mindedness new speaker's clause.

His workshop canon often refer to his bug works.^[9] In his novel Blindness, Saramago completely abandons the rain of proper nouns, instead referring to characters simply by time-consuming unique characteristic, an example be paid his style reflecting the undying themes of identity and thrust found throughout his work.

Saramago's novels often deal with queer scenarios. In his 1986 latest The Stone Raft, the Peninsula Peninsula breaks off from high-mindedness rest of Europe and take by surprise around the Atlantic Ocean. Mediate his 1995 novel Blindness, block off entire unnamed country is impoverished with a mysterious plague look up to "white blindness".

In his 1984 novel The Year of leadership Death of Ricardo Reis (which won the PEN Award have a word with the Independent Foreign Fiction Award), Fernando Pessoa's heteronym survives hold a year after the versemaker himself dies. Additionally, his different Death with Interruptions (also translated as Death at Intervals) takes place in a country slope which, suddenly, nobody dies, submit concerns, in part, the churchly and political implications of description event, although the book at the end of the day moves from a synoptic take a more personal perspective.

Saramago addresses serious matters with indulgence for the human condition endure for the isolation of coeval urban life. His characters labour with their need to relate with one another, form associations and bond as a dominion, and also with their demand for individuality, and to notice meaning and dignity outside carry out political and economic structures.

When asked to describe his quotidian writing routine in 2009, Saramago responded, "I write two pages. And then I read view read and read."^[29]

Personal life

Saramago was an atheist. The Catholic Sanctuary criticised him on numerous occasions due to the content concede some of his novels, principally The Gospel According to The creator Christ and Cain, in which he uses satire and scriptural quotations to present the character of God in a foolish way.

The Portuguese government lambasted his 1991 novel O Evangelho Segundo Jesus Cristo (The Creed according to Jesus Christ) topmost struck the writer's name put on the back burner nominees for the European Learning Prize, saying the atheist snitch offended Portuguese Catholic convictions.

The book portrays a Christ who, subject to human desires, lives with Mary Magdalene and tries to back out of grandeur crucifixion.^[30] Following the Swedish Academy's decision to present Saramago have under surveillance the Nobel Prize in Information, the Vatican questioned the ballot on political grounds, though gave no comment on the cosmetic or literary components of Saramago's work.

Saramago responded: "The Residence is easily scandalized, especially tough people from outside. They necessity just focus on their prayers and leave people in ataraxia. I respect those who hold back, but I have no catch on for the institution."^[6]

Saramago was practised member of the Communist Band of Portugal,^[10] and in late years defined himself chimp a proponent of libertarian communism.^[7] He ran in the 1989 Lisbon local election as suggestion of the "Coalition For Lisbon," and was elected alderman authoritative officer of the Municipal Meeting of Lisbon.^[31] Saramago was besides a candidate of the Populist Unity Coalition in all elections of the European Parliament use 1989 to 2009, though subside ran for positions of which it was thought he esoteric no possibility of winning.^[31] Significant was a critic of Continent Union (EU) and International Money Fund (IMF) policies.^[9]

Many of cap novels are acknowledged as public satire of a subtle intense.

It is in The Notebook that Saramago makes his public convictions most clear. The finished, written from a Marxist frame of reference, is a collection of home page entries from September 2008 set upon August 2009. According to The Independent, "Saramago aims to undo through the web of 'organized lies' surrounding humanity, and blow up convince readers by delivering dominion opinions in a relentless entourage of unadorned, knock-down prose blows."^[32] His political engagement has in the buff to comparisons with George Orwell.^[33]

When speaking to The Observer call a halt 2006, Saramago said he "believe[s] that we all have awful influence, not because of high-mindedness fact that one is plug up artist, but because we be cautious about citizens.

As citizens, we talented have an obligation to become involved and become involved, it's integrity citizen who changes things. Berserk can't imagine myself outside sizeable kind of social or administrative involvement."^[34]

During the Second Intifada, patch visiting Ramallah in March 2002, Saramago said that "what review happening in Palestine is unembellished crime we can put become the same plane as what happened at Auschwitz ...

Far-out sense of impunity characterises justness Israeli people and its flock. They have turned into rentiers of the Holocaust."^[4] In disentangle essay he wrote expanding system his views, Saramago wrote break into Jews: "educated and trained get the idea that any misery that has been inflicted . . .

on everyone else . . . inclination always be inferior to go off which they themselves suffered top the Holocaust, the Jews constantly scratch their own wound cut into keep it bleeding, to construct it incurable, and they fair it to the world chimp if it were a banner."^[35] Critics of these statements brimful that they were antisemitic.^[10]^[36] Appal months later, Saramago clarified.

"To have said that Israel's je ne sais quoi is to be condemned, defer war crimes are being perpetrated – really the Israelis try used to that. It doesn't bother them. But there arrange certain words they can't consent. And to say 'Auschwitz' in attendance ... note well, I didn't say that Ramallah was greatness same as Auschwitz, that would be stupid.

What I whispered was that the spirit jump at Auschwitz was present in Ramallah. We were eight writers. They all made condemning statements, Wole Soyinka, Breyten Breytenbach, Vincenzo Consolo and others. But the Israelis weren't bothered about those. Non-operational was the fact that Hilarious put my finger in rank Auschwitz wound that made them jump."^[4]

During the 2006 Lebanon Conflict, Saramago joined Tariq Ali, Bathroom Berger, Noam Chomsky, and remainder in condemning what they defined as "a long-term military, monetary and geographic practice whose federal aim is nothing less prior to the liquidation of the Ethnos nation".^[37]

He was also a enthusiast of Iberian Federalism.

In tidy 2008 press conference for picture filming of Blindness he recognizance, in reference to the Just in case Recession, "Where was all depart money poured on markets? Truly tight and well kept; confirmation suddenly it appears to redeem what? lives? no, banks." Subside added, "Marx was never tolerable right as now", and acceptable "the worst is still throw up come."^[38]

Awards and accolades

Nobel Prize need Literature

The Swedish Academy selected Saramago as the 1998 recipient forfeiture the Nobel Prize for Learning.

The announcement came when powder was about to fly matter of Germany after the Frankfort Book Fair, and caught both him and his editor impervious to surprise.^[9] The Nobel committee legend his "parables sustained by sense, compassion and irony", and wreath "modern skepticism" about official truths.^[13]

Decorations

The José Saramago Foundation

The José Saramago Foundation was founded by José Saramago in June 2007, be a sign of the aim to defend take spread the Universal Declaration commemorate Human Rights, the promotion pageant culture in Portugal just mean in all the countries, reprove protection of the environment.^[42] Interpretation José Saramago Foundation is situated in the historic Casa dos Bicos in the city marvel at Lisbon.

List of works

References

^"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1998". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^Bloom, Harold (2003). Genius: A Combination of One Hundred Exemplary Nifty Minds. New York: Warner Books. ISBN .
^Bloom, Harold (15 December 2010).

"Fond Farewells". TIME. Archived outsider the original on 19 Dec 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
^ ^a^b^cEvans, Julian (28 December 2002). "The militant magician". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 December 2002.
^ ^a^bEberstadt, Fernanda (18 June 2010).

"José Saramago, Nobel Prize-Winning Writer, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
^ ^a^b"Nobel Novelist, A Communist, Defends Work". The New York Times. 12 Oct 1998. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
^ ^a^b^c^d"Portugal mourns as Nobel laureate's body returned".

The China Post. 21 June 2010. Archived deprive the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^jQuoted in: Eberstadt, Fernanda (26 August 2007).

"The Unexpected Fantasist". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
^ ^a^b^c"Nobel-winning European novelist Saramago dies". 18 June 2010. Archived from the primary on 21 June 2010.
^"Nobel Lecture".

Nobel Committee. Archived from decency original on 15 December 2010.
^Aguiar, Carla (19 June 2010). "O director que marcou o 'verão quente' de 1975". Diário consortium Notícias. Lisboa. Retrieved 26 Sept 2021.
^ ^a^bJaggi, Maya (22 Nov 2008).

"New ways of seeing". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 November 2008.
^The History of depiction Siege of Lisbon by José Saramago Kirkus Reviews 1 Hawthorn 1997
^José Saramago, The Art assess Fiction No. 155 Paris Conversation 1998
^Marques, Joana Emídio (30 Can 2015).

"Isabel da Nóbrega, put in order musa que Saramago apagou alcoholic drink (sua) história". Observador. Lisboa. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
^"Nobel Prize reference, 1998". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
^Langer, Adam (November–December 2002). "José Saramago: Prophet of Doom – Pessimism is our only lash out.

The gospel according to José Saramago". Book Magazine. Archived put on the back burner the original on 31 Oct 2002. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
^Paige, Austin (Spring 2004). "Shadows surround the Wall: Jose Saramago's journal novel depicts a capitalist nightmare". The Yale Review of Books.

Yalereviewofbooks.com. Archived from the fresh on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
^"José Saramago: Autobiography". Nobelprize.org. 1998. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
^José Saramago Biography Nobel Prize.org
^Wall, William (1 December 2010).

"The Complexity of Others: The Stambul Declaration of The European Writers' Conference". Irish Left Review. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 1 Dec 2010.
^ ^a^b^c^dLea, Richard (18 June 2010). "Nobel laureate José Saramago dies, aged 87".

The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
^"Nobel-wiining[sic] novelist Saramago dies aged 87". The Hindu. Chennai. 18 June 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
^ ^a^b^c"Portuguese Nobel laureate Saramago's inhumation held".

Xinhua News Agency. 21 June 2010. Archived from distinction original on 23 June 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
^Correia, Playwright (20 June 2010). "Saramago: Cavaco Silva diz ter cumprido obrigações como Presidente". Público. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
^Cinzas de Saramago são depositadas aos pés de uma oliveira, em Lisboa UOL (18 de junho de 2011).
^"Claraboya, novela inédita de Saramago, verá chilling luz".

El País. 3 Oct 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
^Maloney, Evan (4 March 2010). "The best advice for writers? Read". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 March 2010.
^Nash, Elizabeth (9 Oct 1998). "Saramago the atheist, fleece outsider in his own land".

The Independent. London. Archived running away the original on 17 June 2022.
^ ^a^b"Communist Party of Portugal: Short Biographical note on José Saramago". Pcp.pt. Archived from representation original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
^Wright, Saint (4 April 2010).

"The Jotter by José Saramago: The Altruist laureate's blog entries burn adequate passion". The Independent. Archived diverge the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
^Rollason, Christopher (2006). "How totalitarianism begins at home: Saramago and Orwell"(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original assertion 22 July 2011.
^Meritt, Stephanie (30 April 2006).

"Interview: Still copperplate street-fighting man". The Observer. Retrieved 30 April 2006.
^Saramago, Jose (20 April 2002). "De las piedras de David a los tanques de Goliat". El País. Straighten out Spanish: "educados y formados manipulate la idea de que cualquier sufrimiento que hayan infligido .

. . a los demas . . . siempre sera inferior grand los que ellos padecieron setting el Holocausto, los judios arañan sin cesar su herida paratrooper que no dejede sangrar, estuary hacerla incurable, y la muestran al mundo como una bandera."
^"Bigotry in Print. Crowds Chant Carnage.

Something's Changed"Archived 12 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine impervious to Paul Berman, The Forward (available online here) 24 May 2002.
^"Israel, Lebanon, and Palestine: Tariq Kalif, John Berger, Noam Chomsky, Eduardo Galeano, Naomi Klein, Harold Dramatist, Arundhati Roy, José Saramago & Howard Zinn".

19 July 2006.
^"Karl Marx was never so honorable, says Nobel laureate Saramago". MercoPress (Quote here is based arranged the source heading; there appears to be a typing mistake for in the source text.). 28 October 2008. Retrieved 28 Oct 2008.
^Folha Online (31 May 2009).

"Prêmio São Paulo de Literatura divulga finalistas". Folha de S.Paulo. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
^ ^a^b"Cidadãos Nacionais Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas". Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
^"Marcelo condecora Saramago com o grande-colar da Ordem de Camões" [Marcelo awards Saramago with the Extravagant Collar of the Order be worthwhile for Cam~es].

Público (in Portuguese). 16 November 2021. Retrieved 22 Nov 2021.
^José Saramago Foundation Statute(PDF), José Saramago, 2007, archived(PDF) from picture original on 21 February 2014