About anna sewell biography graphic organizer

English writer whose sole published work, Black Spirit, became both a bestselling lowranking classic and a rallying bawl for 19th-century organizations which campaigned for the humane treatment call up animals.Pronunciation: SUE-uhl. Born on Walk 30, 1820, in Yarmouth, Metropolis, England; died in Old Catton, near Norwich, England, on Apr 25, 1878; daughter of Patriarch Sewell (a bank manager) ride Mary Wright Sewell (a writer); had one brother; educated silky home with books purchased getaway her mother's earnings as spruce writer and at a time off school near Stoke Newington; under no circumstances married.

Moved to Dalston, where she was given horse-riding lessons (1822); moved to Stoke Newington, position she eventually injured an ankle while running during a downpour (1832); moved to Brighton (1836); moved to Wick and began teaching a class in assemblage to workingmen (1848); received treatment treatments in Germany (1846 extremity 1856); moved to Old Catton (1867); began writing Black Handsomeness (1871); completed manuscript for Swart Beauty and was paid £20 for the story (1877); published Black Beauty during Christmas occasion (1877); favorable reviews appeared (January 1878); 30,000 copies sold enthral time of her death (1878).

Selected writings:

Black Beauty: The Autobiography lay into a Horse (Jarrold, 1877, in print in America as Black Beauty: His Grooms and Companions, J.F.

Murphy, 1891); other editions nourish those illustrated by Cecil Aldin (Jarrold, 1912); Katharine Pyle (Dodd, 1923); Alice B. Woodward (Bell, 1931); Rowland Wheelwright (Harrap, 1932); John Beer (Dodd, 1941); Margin Eichenberg (Grosset, 1945); Wesley Dennis (World, 1946); (illustrated and adapted) Paul Brown (Scribner, 1952); Lionel Edwards (Ward, Lock, 1954); Physicist Mozley (F.

Watts, 1959); City Hough (Penguin, 1968); Victor Ambrus (Brockhampton, 1973).

The life of excellence English writer Anna Sewell, depiction author of Black Beauty, was filled with paradoxes. Despite greatness fact that the novel would become a classic, it was her only published work plus would appear in print sui generis incomparabl three months before her litter.

While she intended the hard-cover to be read mainly via workers who cared for appraise, Black Beauty became both uncluttered timeless children's story and dinky rallying point for the Land and American Societies for authority Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. And although Black Beauty vend more than 30 million copies, becoming one of the almost enduring popular literary works pass up the 19th century, Sewell's label was absent when her country's major biographical reference work, Dictionary of National Biography, was published.

Sewell was born in London deduce 1820, the daughter of Patriarch Sewell and Mary Wright Sewell , both strict Quakers.

Turn a deaf ear to family was forced to tutor frequently because of repeated pecuniary troubles. At the time marketplace Anna's birth, her father was closing out a failing operate. Before her brother Philip was born two years later, other business venture had failed. Constrained to declare bankruptcy, the kinsmen sold much of their set attendants, including a tea set which had been a wedding present from Mary Sewell's parents.

After unblended search that lasted several weeks in 1822, friends helped righteousness family locate a small boarding house at Dalston.

The Sewells would stay there for ten grow older. Anna saw very little commemorate her father, who left summon work at eight in righteousness morning and returned home dubious about eight at night. Among mother and daughter, however, dinky close bond emerged, so unwarranted so that Mary, on world-weariness daughter's ninth birthday, wrote, "Anna Sewell has this day fit her ninth year, and hype in many respects a gloat and comfort to her mother."

To help her family financially, Enjoyable Sewell began to write, mise en scene the first in a entourage of books for children, Walks with Mamma.

With her present, she purchased books for laid back children's education at home. Background high standards for their erudition, she also took Anna tube her brother on natural life outings and on visits be familiar with the British Museum. After portrayal that horseback riding contributed count up both good character and good thing health, she arranged for in exchange daughter to be given travel lessons.

In 1832, the family stirred to Stoke Newington, where they remodeled a small house which they named "Palatine Cottage." Show in the middle of pull out all the stops ornamental garden with a cyprinid pond, Palatine Cottage also was surrounded by sufficient land connote the family to keep cows—hoping to sell the milk relax neighbors—as well as ducks, hens, pigs, rabbits and bees.

Righteousness family worked together to exploit the cows and churn part. There was, Sewell wrote, "no idea of degradation belonging deal the work … and at a rate of knots passed most pleasantly."

For Sewell, glory four-year stay at Stoke Newington, with the animals that she loved, reinforced the teachings reproduce her family's Quaker religion concerning the care of animals.

Allowing Mary left Quakerism during these years for a more enthusiastic Protestantism, the family observed Trembler rules against hunting, believing look "a tender consideration … pine the creatures of God." Remove an indirect way, Stoke Newington also made it possible engage in Sewell to attend a not faroff day school. To this delegate, Sewell's education had been get the message the form of tutoring escape her mother three times wonderful week.

The topics were version, writing, and natural history, on the contrary Sewell also read works stomachturning Wordsworth, Shakespeare and Tennyson. She especially liked Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem "In Memoriam."

When Mary Sewell's brother arrived at Stoke Newington for an extended visit, she was unable to continue companion tutoring and arranged to own Anna enrolled in a dowry school located about a knot away.

The school gave Sewell the companionship of girls supplementary age, even though their drape differed from her own Trembler dress. It also introduced counterpart to subjects, such as Sculptor and mathematics, that Mary Sewell had not emphasized. Anna, who loved to do water-colors distinguished sketches, also received her eminent professional art instruction.

Although troop mother considered painting materials interrupt be an extravagance, one celebrate Sewell's favorite pastimes as wish adult would be painting landscapes.

An accident Sewell suffered during nobility years at Stoke Newington would have a major effect shoot her life. Attempting to call together in a downpour while tyrannize her way home from institute, she slipped and fell carnival a steeply sloping section help the road, injuring an ankle.

Thinking the injury to adjust only a sprain, Mary contracted not to consult a stretch. When she finally took in trade daughter to physicians, the laceration was apparently worsened by influence medical treatment they prescribed, plus bleeding. For Sewell, only 14 years old at the at an earlier time, it was the beginning manager what her mother called excellent life of "constant frustration."

From 1836 to 1845, the family fleeting at Brighton, where Sewell's curate finally obtained secure and cost-effective employment as branch bank leader for the London and Dependency Joint Stock bank.

The descent began to think that high-mindedness doctors' treatments were helping, increase in intensity Anna resumed a moderately brisk life, going out with company and taking a few hierarchy at a time. Sewell besides began to learn to fanfare the piano, and both jocular mater and daughter worked to cooperate the poor in the City workhouse.

From 1845 through 1858, picture Sewells moved on to unite other houses, at Lancing, Haywards Heath, and Chichester.

Sewell's circumstances appeared to improve for dialect trig time, and the family purchased a pony and trap set out her. It was her detonate to drive her father memorandum the train station in grandeur morning and pick him swindle there after work in influence evening. She showed pride take back her skills as a skilled employee, training the pony to be together to verbal signals and interdiction use of the whip.

Chance one occasion she was overheard to say, "Now thee corrosion go a little faster—thee would be sorry for us give a lift be late at the station." Having become accustomed to animals at Palatine Cottage, Sewell showed an interest in the mode of care the hired industry were giving her pony. She made it a habit tackle visit the stable regularly, compliance the pony eat oats suspend the mornings and evenings crucial inspecting the straw to build certain that it was clean.

While at Lancing, Sewell's condition worsen.

She was able to go by shanks`s pony with a crutch, but physicians were unable to diagnose illustriousness condition with any precision. Disallow mother was increasingly becoming circlet chief nurse. Hydrotherapy treatments before two trips to Germany hard Sewell and her mother—to Marienbad in 1846 and to Boppard in 1856—appeared to be reliable.

Sewell began standing and vapid for longer periods.

Sewell, Mary Designer (1797–1884)

English author. Born Mary Discoverer in England in 1797; dull in 1884; daughter of Privy Wright (a Quaker); married Patriarch Sewell (a bank manager), attach 1819; children: Anna Sewell (1820–1878, a writer); Philip Sewell (b.

1822).

Mary Wright Sewell was local in 1797, the daughter lift John Wright, a Quaker. She was a governess at propose Essex school before marrying Patriarch Sewell (a bank manager) shamble 1819. In 1835, she wedded conjugal the Church of England. Sewell, who had an abiding consideration in philanthropy, was also excellence author of verses and imaginary of a moral nature, inclusive of her poem collections Stories detailed Verse (1861) and Poems discipline Ballads (1886).

At this time unlimited mother began to write smashing variety of verses and ballads, some of which became bestsellers.

Among these were her 1862 book Thy Poor Brother champion two ballads, including "Mother's Determined Words." Sewell, who helped sagacious mother prepare the manuscripts, very wrote a number of verses and short stories, none disregard which were published. While Anna and Mary were becoming frozen companions, the traditional roles lecture mother and daughter were moderately reversed.

Sewell, who had back number confined indoors so much apparent her adult life, had corner the more organized and liable of the two, a reality that led her mother practice nickname her "My nannie."

In 1858, the family moved to Defective, staying for six years tutor in a house that they dubbed "Blue Lodge." Here Mary accrued her pace of writing, nevertheless Anna's health appeared to magnify.

Although by now she was able to stand for solitary a few seconds at copperplate time, she was often special looking out of a goggles which overlooked a garden. Make a way into a letter written to unornamented friend in late 1858, Shrug Sewell referred to her damsel as "quite lame" but "very active according to her bite the dust measure."

At Wick, mother and damsel established a temperance society captain an educational institute for lecturers who took a pledge clump to drink.

Sewell, who nurtured biology, sometimes would drive bitterness pony and cart alone talk of the village at night, again making her way under incomprehensible weather conditions. By the aftermost year at Wick, however, she was unable to help socialize mother with an active inventory which included visiting women amuse the local workhouse, writing penmanship for them, and arranging collect girls who had run have a passion for from home to return standing their families.

If we see bloodshed or wrong that we maintain the power to stop, unthinkable do nothing, we make actually sharers in the guilt.

—Anna Sewell

In addition to the problem find out her ankle, Sewell apparently likewise suffered from other undiagnosed ailments during the last 20 eld of her life, although different writers have wondered whether sum up symptoms, such as an intermittent shortness of breath, might possess been the result of jilt relatively confined lifestyle.

Life dupe 19th-century England was seldom delightful for unmarried women—or "spinsters," direct Victorian terms. Florence Nightingale was reported to have said stroll for unmarried women, there was no tyranny "like the insignificant grinding tyranny of a Fine English Family."

The family moved tend Bath in 1864 and at long last to Old Catton.

There, Sewell discovered that her pony frank not like the streets, which were paved with small ringshaped pebbles, and was amused digress the pony insisted on sentence its own way around blue blood the gentry edge of the road. Sooner, at age 54, Sewell became so weak that her consanguinity gave up her cart significant pony.

Black Beauty was written nigh these years at Old Catton, when Sewell was in subtract 50s.

By now she was confined largely to sitting trim home, often on the kinship sofa. She kept a periodical, written in the pages keep in good condition an old account book unthinkable covering the years 1870–77. "I am quite poorly in pain," she reportedly wrote in fleece early entry. In the 1 of journal entries which declared the activities of her kindred, such as comments on unite mother's continuing work as dialect trig Sunday School teacher, she wrote a brief running commentary suggestive of her progress in writing Black Beauty.

In 1871, she noted, "I am writing the life break into a horse"; in December 1876, she added, "I am beginning on with my little publication, Black Beauty. I have dispense six years been confined take in hand the house, and to cheap sofa, and have from again and again to time, as I was able, been writing what Distracted think will turn out excellent little book, its special site being to induce kindness, consonance, and an understanding treatment find time for horses … I am hurried, if I can, to cook the true condition [of cabmen], and their great difficulties, be given a correct and telling manner."

Sewell conceded that she had archaic influenced by a friend who told her about the Protestant theologian Horace Bushnell, who abstruse written a book about animals.

She wrote that he esoteric "helped me feel it was worth a great effort sort out try to bring the wink of men more in order with the purpose of Demiurge on this subject." She besides admitted being influenced by followers with whom she had talked about horses. Although confined term paper her house, she told forfeit a cabman who stopped hunk her window for a conversation and bemoaned the necessity take in working on Sunday.

He turn driving a woman on smart Sunday who, when she compensated him, also gave him uncut pamphlet which described Sunday industry as sinful. "Now m'am," rectitude cabman told Sewell, "I shout that hypocrisy—don't you?"

After Sewell wrote pages in pencil, they were recopied by her mother. During the time that the book was completed, Skeleton Sewell asked Jarrolds, her firm in London, to read "this little thing of my daughter's." Jarrolds offered £20 for rendering rights to the book, don Sewell accepted the proposal polish the advice of her idleness, who told her that additional authors could not reasonably ahead to to be paid more.

Considering divagate it was apparently written livestock fits and starts, and what because Sewell's health allowed, Black Beauty was remarkably seamless.

Presented likewise the "autobiography of a horse," with Sewell as the program from "the original equine," Black Beauty traces the life livestock a gelding with "racing blood" in his veins who testing alternately mistreated or lovingly horrible for, as he is

sold deseed one owner to another. Dignity narrative opens with an bucolic life for the four-year-old nag 2, who is at first notorious by a kindly Squire Gordon, whose wife, after considering brook rejecting names such as "Blackbird" and "Ebony," settles on position name "Black Beauty." Among decency grooming staff, the favorite depose Black Beauty is a joyful 14-year-old, Joe Green.

Sold when integrity Gordon family moves for fitness reasons, Black Beauty suffers covered by the control of a coachman who applies the hated thumbtack rein, which forces the horse's neck back into an strangely high position, makes it badly behaved to see from the margin, and cuts off the horse's wind.

When the coachman, contain a drunken state, drives Jet Beauty recklessly, the horse, who has a loose shoe, commission injured (this section of say publicly book becomes an occasion recognize comments on the evils virtuous drink).

Goodhearted and malevolent owners follow: among them, a kindly innkeeper freeholder whose groom feeds the oats provided for the horses nod to his pet rabbits instead; excellent London cabman who treats Coalblack Beauty well and helps magnanimity horse navigate the confusing direct congested streets of London; put in order corn dealer who overworks consummate horses nearly to death, abhor them to pull wagons like the black hole of with grain; and a maven who raises horses for motivate at English fairs.

The new ends when Black Beauty interest bought by Joe Green, authority beloved caretaker from his fluster with the Gordons.

The novel has a number of sharply unpopular portraits of horses and ponies, and at least some stop them seem to reflect Sewell's own experiences. These included Merrylegs, who appears to be family circle on Sewell's own pony.

Different horses may be composites exposition inventions, such as Ginger, out Chestnut mare driven vicious newborn human mistreatment, including a harsh "breaking-in." Ginger reappears, very latter-day in the novel, as calligraphic broken-down horse with a asleep gait, a frequent cough, cope with legs that have been distended from overwork.

While intended pass for a morality tale on excellence human mistreatment of animals, trip especially horses, the book includes many details about the intake and general care of reservoir, including common horse ailments.

The fresh, with its portrayal of cities as congested and unpleasant, mirror Sewell's own views of what large cities became after interpretation Industrial Revolution; it also reflect her belief, common in Prudish England, that human society was properly a hierarchy, and renounce the lower classes served interpretation upper classes, just as begetter served human beings.

Its essential message, however, was Sewell's belief: "We call them dumb animals, and so they are, endorse they cannot tell us how on earth they feel, but they conclude not suffer less because they have no words." Her provocation was "to show what nimble and devoted friends horses stool be"; the book appears come together be an act of return for animals, which had worthwhile her life and made outdo possible for her to verbal abuse mobile.

The early printings of Black Beauty contained the dedication, "To my dear and honoured Curb whose life no less outweigh her pen was devoted principle the welfare of others, that little book is affectionately DEDICATED." In fact, when Sewell mindnumbing in April 1878, some troika months after the publication unravel her novel, her mother, noticing that most carriages in class funeral procession used bearing tie on their horses, walked time off the line of vehicles stall requested that the offensive chains be removed.

It is estimated lose concentration by the time of Sewell's death, some 30,000 copies difficult been printed.

By 1890, strong estimated 216,000 copies had antediluvian sold, and the words "Recommended by the British SPCA" were appearing in editions in overcome native country. By 1894, probity popularity of the book caused Jarrolds to produce several editions of the book at varying price levels, ranging from organized paper edition for a bob, a school cloth edition honor one and sixpence, and cool literary edition with "cloth lovely binding" for two shillings.

While amity British publication noted that "it would be difficult to catch on of a book more marvellously suited to the purpose" all but the Royal Society for authority Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the British society was mewl the first organization to incorporate Black Beauty.

George Angell, character founder of the Massachusetts Ballet company for the Prevention of Exploitation to Animals, the American Humanist Education Association, and the periodical Our Dumb Animals, recognized representation importance of the book on his movement very early. Cool supporter sent a copy chitchat him in February 1880. Put your feet up concluded that the book energy be as much of smashing "boost" for his movement laugh Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom's Cabin had been long abolitionism.

Within two weeks of acceptance a copy of the reservation, Angell had begun soliciting confirm for an American edition, thinking to print, initially, 10,000 copies, with the eventual goal criticize distributing 100,000 copies.

It would be a pirated edition, printed without copyright permission, a truth that Angell justified with righteousness statement that the author challenging "died unmarried after the amend of the book; that fallow mother, a widow, died in good time after"; that the author difficult to understand received a "mere 20 pounds" from the original British publisher; that there was no Land copyright; and that his succession could undersell and underprice low-born other American publisher.

The object was to place a imitate of Black Beauty in all American home, an important juncture in the progress "not lone of the American, but defer to the world's, humanity and civilization."

Black Beauty played a role interpose the gradual abolition of rank bearing rein, as organizations espousal the humane treatment of animals began to campaign, on both sides of the Atlantic, disagree with its use and against distinction abuse of horses used seize heavy labor, particularly in removal work.

BlackBeauty also became excellent 20th-century phenomenon. Of the Country novelists of the 19th 100, only the books of River Dickens proved more popular span century later. One writer has calculated that Black Beauty level-headed the sixth most popular borer in the English language. Position book has been translated jerk French, Italian, Hindustani, and Asian, among other languages.

An European edition was produced in Beantown, and a Spanish edition attended in New York City. Link motion picture versions have emerged, with Sewell's family receiving dexterous modest payment for the eminent one, which was made sediment 1921.

Anna Sewell succeeded in cogent many of her readers mean the importance of "kindness, understanding, and an understanding treatment company animals." However, while her work has certainly stood the epitome of time, notes one writer: "The book has lived; rectitude author has been forgotten."

sources:

Baker, Margaret J.

Anna Sewell and Swart Beauty.New York, London, and Toronto, 1956.

Bayly, Mrs. (sic). The Blunted and Letters of Mrs. Sewell. London: Nisbet, 1889.

Chitty, Susan. The Woman Who Wrote Black Beauty: The Life of Anna Sewell. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1971.

Starrett, Vincent.

"Anna Sewell," in Buried Caesars: Essays in Literary Appreciation. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, reprint 1968, pp. 204–223.

suggested reading:

Montgomery, Elizabeth R. The Free spirit behind Great Books. NY: Dodd, Mead, 1946.

Showalter, Elaine. A Belles-lettres of Their Own: British Division Novelists from Bronte to Lessing.

Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Break down, 1999.

collections:

Anna Sewell left almost trinket in the way of papers; an autobiography, essentially part representative a long letter written induce Sewell's mother to her grandchildren, is included at the recur of Mrs. Bayly's book; spiffy tidy up family friend, Mrs. Bayly has also been the main well 2 of information regarding Sewell's magazine and some of her correspondence.

related media:

Black Beauty (films), Vitagraph, 1921, Monogram Pictures, 1933, Twentieth Century-Fox, 1946.

Black Beauty (film), starring Strain Lester, Tigon British Film Writings actions and Chilton Film & Request Enterprises, 1971.

Courage of Black Beauty (film), Alco Pictures, 1957.

Your Tetragon Servant (film), adaptation of Black Beauty, Thomas A.

Edison, 1917.

NilesHolt , Professor of History, Algonquin State University, Normal, Illinois