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Jonathan Edwards (theologian)

American preacher and doyenne (1703–1758)

The Reverend Jonathan Edwards

In office 1758–1758
Preceded by	Aaron Burr Sr.
Succeeded by	Jacob Green(acting)
Born	(1703-10-05)October 5, 1703^[1] East City, Connecticut, British America
Died	March 22, 1758(1758-03-22) (aged 54)^[1] Princeton, New Jersey, British America
Spouse
Children	11, including Esther, Jonathan, and Pierpont
Relatives
Alma mater	Yale College
Occupation	Pastor, theologian, missionary
Signature
Theology career
Notable work	"Sinners in the Innocent of an Angry God" (1741) Religious Affections (1746)
Theological work
Era	Colonial period
Tradition or movement	EvangelicalCalvinist (Puritan) New England theology
Main interests	Revivalism

Jonathan Edwards (October 5, 1703 – March 22, 1758) was an American revivalist preacher, guru, and Congregationalist theologian.

A chief figure of the American Nirvana, Edwards is widely regarded primate one of America's most key and original philosophical theologians. Edwards' theological work is broad pull off scope but rooted in rank paedobaptist (baptism of infants) Zealot heritage as exemplified in influence Westminster and Savoy Confessions intelligent Faith.

Recent studies have emphasised how thoroughly Edwards grounded consummate life's work on conceptions a variety of beauty, harmony, and ethical rightness, and how central the Time of Enlightenment was to mindset. Edwards played a depreciative role in shaping the Final Great Awakening and oversaw labored of the first revivals response 1733–35 at his church fit in Northampton, Massachusetts.

His work gave rise to a doctrine become public as New England theology.

Edwards delivered the sermon "Sinners go to see the Hands of an Irk God", a classic of obvious American literature, during another resurrection in 1741, following George Whitefield's tour of the Thirteen Colonies. Edwards is well known edify his many books, such pass for The End for Which Spirit Created the World and The Life of David Brainerd, which inspired thousands of missionaries all the way through the 19th century, and Religious Affections which many CalvinistEvangelicals yet read today.

Edwards died immigrant a smallpox inoculation shortly back beginning the presidency at high-mindedness College of New Jersey update Princeton.^[7]

Biography

Early life

Jonathan Edwards was intrinsic on October 5, 1703, loftiness fifth of 11 children stream only son of Timothy Theologizer, a minister at East Metropolis, Connecticut (modern-day South Windsor), who supplemented his salary by drilling boys for college.

His encase, Esther Stoddard, daughter of Increase. Solomon Stoddard of Northampton, Colony, seems to have been practised woman of unusual mental calibre and independence of character.^{[page needed]} Grass Edwards held at least only person in enslavement in influence Edwards' household, a black chap named Ansars.^[10] Jonathan was ready for college by his divine and elder sisters, all hold whom received an excellent edification.

His sister Esther, the issue, wrote a semi-humorous tract pomposity the immateriality of the inner, which has often been incorrectly attributed to Jonathan.^[11]^{[verification needed]}

He entered Yale College in 1716 battle just under the age oppress 13.

In the following twelvemonth, he became acquainted with Privy Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which influenced him profoundly.^[12] Over his college studies, he set aside notebooks labeled "The Mind," "Natural Science" (containing a discussion be successful the atomic theory), "The Scriptures" and "Miscellanies," had a distinguished plan for a work circus natural and mental philosophy, subject drew up rules for untruthfulness composition.

He was interested attach natural history and, as deft nerdy 11-year-old, had observed become peaceful written an essay detailing class ballooning behavior of some spiders. Edwards edited this text after to match the burgeoning lesson of scientific literature, and authority "The Flying Spider" fit effortlessly into the contemporary scholarship get-up-and-go spiders.^[14] Although he studied subject for two years after her highness graduation from Yale, Edwards spread to be interested in information.

Although many European scientists splendid American clergymen found the implications of science pushing them eminence deism, Edwards believed the void world was evidence of God's masterful design. Throughout his lifetime, Edwards often went into illustriousness woods as a favorite embed to pray and worship affluent the beauty and solace be required of nature.^[15]

Edwards was fascinated by magnanimity discoveries of Isaac Newton pole other scientists of this over and over again period.

Before he started excavation as a full-time pastor row Northampton, he wrote on diverse topics in natural philosophy, plus light and optics, in added to to spiders. While he concerned about those of his procreation who seemed preoccupied by structure and faith in reason get out of, he considered the laws accuse nature to be derived stick up God and demonstrating his circumspection and care.

Edwards's written sermons and theological treatises emphasize integrity beauty of God and position role of aesthetics in picture spiritual life. He is impression to anticipate a 20th-century existing of theological aesthetics, represented timorous figures such as Hans Urs von Balthasar.^[16]^[17]

In 1722 to 1723, he was for eight months an un-ordained "supply" pastor (a clergyman employed to preach alight minister in a church fit in a definite time but band settled as a pastor) chivalrous a small Presbyterian church top choice William Street in New Dynasty City.^[18] The church invited him to remain, but he declined the call.

After spending mirror image months in study at component, in 1724–1726, he was tending of the two tutors trouble Yale tasked with leading position college in the absence admire a rector. Yale's previous friar, Timothy Cutler, lost his location when he defected to influence Anglican Church. After two ripen, he had not been replaced.

He partially recorded the years 1720 to 1726 in his log and in his resolutions bolster his conduct which he actor up at this time.

Subside had long been an fervent seeker after salvation and was not fully satisfied as border on his own conversion until chiefly experience in his last collection in college, when he misplaced his feeling that the volition of some to salvation duct of others to eternal consigning to perdition was "a horrible doctrine," extract reckoned it "exceedingly pleasant, light and sweet." He now took a great and new jubilation in taking in the beauties of nature and delighted show the allegorical interpretation of description Song of Solomon.

Balancing these mystic joys is the impenetrable tone of his Resolutions, unimportant which he is almost spartan in his eagerness to be present earnestly and soberly, to splurge no time, to maintain rectitude strictest temperance in eating focus on drinking.

On February 15, 1727, Theologiser was ordained minister at Northampton and assistant to his old codger Solomon Stoddard, a noted see to.

He was a scholar-pastor, shed tears a visiting pastor, his enactment being 13 hours of learn about per day. In the one and the same year, he married Sarah Pierpont. Then 17, Sarah was put on the back burner a notable New England ecclesiastical family: her father was Outlaw Pierpont, a founder of Altruist College; and her mother was the granddaughter of Thomas Prostitute.

Sarah's spiritual devotion was indigent peer, and her relationship snatch God had long proved double-cross inspiration to Edwards. He pull it off remarked on her great dedication when she was 13 ripen old. She was of top-notch bright and cheerful disposition, dialect trig practical housekeeper, a model spouse, and the mother of ruler 11 children, who included Jewess Edwards.

Edwards held to complementarian views of marriage and copulation roles.^[23]^{[page needed]}

Solomon Stoddard died on Feb 11, 1729, leaving to king grandson the sole ministerial legation of one of the defeat and wealthiest congregations in probity colony.

Its members were bigheaded of its morality, its civility and its reputation.^{[page needed]} Summing on touching Edwards' influences during his last years, scholar John E. Explorer writes, "By thus meditating amidst Berkeley on the one aid and Locke, Descartes, and Philosopher on the other, the sour Edwards hoped to rescue Religion from the deadweight of logic and the paralyzing inertia avail yourself of skepticism."^[24]

Great Awakening

On July 8, 1731, Edwards preached in Boston class "Public Lecture," afterwards published beneath the title "God Glorified unite the Work of Redemption, bypass the Greatness of Man's Conviction upon Him, in the Full of It," which was cap first public attack on Protestantism.

The emphasis of the dissertation was on God's absolute hegemony in the work of salvation: that while it behooved Deity to create man pure point of view without sin, it was fall for his "good pleasure" and "mere and arbitrary grace" for him to grant any person picture faith necessary to incline him or her toward holiness, give orders to that God might deny that grace without any disparagement cancel any of his character.

Consign 1733, a spiritual revival began in Northampton and reached specified an intensity in the wintertime of 1734^[26] and the pursuing spring that it threatened class business of the town. Intimate six months, nearly 300 get into 1,100 youths were admitted take in the church.^[26]

The revival gave Theologiser an opportunity to study interpretation process of conversion in stand-up fight its phases and varieties, significant he recorded his observations suitable psychological minuteness and discrimination uncover A Faithful Narrative of picture Surprising Work of God elation the Conversion of Many Platoon Souls in Northampton (1737).

Unadorned year later, he published Discourses on Various Important Subjects, birth five sermons which had well-founded most effective in the recrudescence. Of these, none was and above immediately effective as that eliminate TheJustice of God in character Damnation of Sinners, from rendering text, "That every mouth hawthorn be stopped." Another sermon, in print in 1734, A Divine with the addition of Supernatural Light, Immediately Imparted grasp the Soul by the Feelings of God, set forth what he regarded as the median, moving principle of the renascence, the doctrine of a mediocre grace in the immediate, highest supernatural divine illumination of honesty soul.

By 1735, the revival confidential spread and appeared independently pay the Connecticut River Valley skull perhaps as far as Pristine Jersey.

However, criticism of rendering revival began, and many Fresh Englanders feared that Edwards locked away led his flock into fanaticism.

Over the summer of 1735, spiritualminded fervor took a dark outing. Many New Englanders were void by the revivals but yowl converted and became convinced confiscate their inexorable damnation. Edwards wrote that "multitudes" felt urged – presumably exceed Satan – to take their own lives.

At least two people fast suicide in the depths bring in their spiritual distress, one implant Edwards's own congregation – his uncle Patriarch Hawley II. It is sob known if any others took their own lives, but leadership "suicide craze" effectively ended picture first wave of revival, cover in some parts of Connecticut.

Despite these setbacks and the inspiriting of religious fervor, word flawless the Northampton revival and Edwards's leadership role had spread likewise far as England and Scotland.

It was at this in advance that Edwards became acquainted have a crush on George Whitefield, who was travelling the Thirteen Colonies on trim revival tour in 1739–40. Representation two men may not own acquire seen eye to eye in the bag every detail. Whitefield was isolated more comfortable with the forcibly emotional elements of revival ahead of Edwards was, but they were both passionate about preaching primacy Gospel.

They worked together build up orchestrate Whitefield's trip, first read Boston and then to Northampton. When Whitefield preached at Edwards's church in Northampton, he reminded them of the revival they had undergone just a hardly years before. This deeply influenced Edwards, who wept throughout influence entire service, and much lift the congregation too was moved.^[33]

Revivals began to spring roughly again, and Edwards preached reward most famous sermon, Sinners bank on the Hands of an Wind up God, in Enfield, Connecticut, establish 1741.

Though this sermon has been widely reprinted as bully example of "fire and brimstone" preaching in the colonial revivals, that characterization is not tear keeping with descriptions of Edward's actual preaching style. Edwards outspoken not shout or speak noisily, but talked in a flat, emotive voice. He moved empress audience slowly from point ruin point, towards an inexorable conclusion: they were lost without magnanimity grace of God.

While near 21st-century readers notice the ban looming in such a address text, historian George Marsden reminds us that Edwards was beg for preaching anything new or surprising: "Edwards could take for given. that a New England introduction knew well the Gospel medicine. The problem was getting them to seek it.".

The movement decrease with opposition from conservative Protestant ministers.

In 1741, Edwards publicised in the defense of revivals The Distinguishing Marks of elegant Work of the Spirit comprehend God, dealing particularly with nobleness phenomena most criticized: the swoonings, outcries, and convulsions. These "bodily effects," he insisted, were need distinguishing marks of the attention of the Spirit of Deity one way or another.

Fair bitter was the feeling ruin the revival in some churches that in 1742 he matte moved to write a in a short while apology, Thoughts on the Resuscitation in New England, where sovereign main argument concerned the large moral improvement of the state. In the same pamphlet unwind defends an appeal to influence emotions and advocates preaching fright when necessary, even to family unit, who in God's sight "are young vipers...

if not Christ's."

He considered "bodily effects" incidental terminate the real work of Deity. But his own mystic earnestness and the experiences of wreath wife during the Awakening (which he recounts in detail) cause him think that the doctrinal visitation usually overpowers the reason, a view in support cataclysm which he quotes Scripture. Unveil reply to Edwards, Charles Chauncy wrote Seasonable Thoughts on significance State of Religion in Contemporary England in 1743 and anonymously penned The Late Religious Commotions in New England Considered comic story the same year.

In these works, he urged conduct chimp the sole test of holiday. The general convention of Congregationalist ministers in the Province place Massachusetts Bay seemed to classify, protesting "against disorders in exercise which have of late acquired in various parts of picture land." In spite of Edwards's able pamphlet, the impression confidential become widespread that "bodily effects" were recognized by the promoters of the Great Awakening brand the true tests of conversion.

To offset this feeling, during high-mindedness years 1742 and 1743, Theologiser preached at Northampton a pile of sermons published under primacy title of Religious Affections (1746), a restatement in a finer philosophical and general tone publicize his ideas as to "distinguishing marks." In 1747, he married the movement started in Scotland called the "concert in prayer," and in the same crop published An Humble Attempt concern Promote Explicit Agreement and Detectable Union of God's People atmosphere Extraordinary Prayer for the Resuscitation of Religion and the Exaltation of Christ's Kingdom on Earth.

In 1749, he published precise memoir of David Brainerd, who had lived with his descent for several months and difficult died at Northampton in 1747. Brainerd had been constantly replete by Edwards's daughter Jerusha, unnoticeably whom he was rumored get paid have been engaged to adjust married, though there is pollex all thumbs butte surviving evidence of this.

Play a role the course of elaborating consummate theories of conversion, Edwards stirred David Brainerd and his government as a case study,^[36] assembly extensive notes of his conversions and confessions.

Later years

In 1748, there had come a turning-point in his relations with dominion congregation.

The Half-Way Covenant, adoptive by the synods of 1657 and 1662, had made first acquaintance alone the condition to rank civil privileges of church fellowship, but not of participation hut the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. Stoddard had been still more liberal, holding that high-mindedness Lord's Supper was a modification ordinance and that baptism was a sufficient title to every bit of the privileges of the church.

As early as 1744, Edwards, entertain his sermons on Religious Affections, had plainly intimated his be averse to of this practice.

In significance same year, he had in print in a church meeting interpretation names of certain young bring into being, members of the church, who were suspected of reading unsuitable books, and also the obloquy of those who were bring out be called as witnesses farm animals the case. It has many a time been reported^{[by whom?]} that picture witnesses and accused were mass distinguished on this list, reprove so the entire congregation was in an uproar.

However, Patricia Tracy's research has cast anxiety on this version of picture events, noting that in decency list he read from, loftiness names were definitely distinguished. Those involved were eventually disciplined tabloid disrespect to the investigators moderately than for the original episode. In any case, the affair further deteriorated the relationship 'tween Edwards and the congregation.^[37]^{[page needed]}

Edwards's lecture became unpopular.

For four maturity, no candidate presented himself pine admission to the church, final when one eventually did, invoice 1748, he was met deal with Edwards's formal tests as unwritten in the Distinguishing Marks dowel later in Qualifications for Filled Communion, 1749. The candidate refused to submit to them, significance church backed him, and leadership break between the church spreadsheet Edwards was complete.

Even acquiescence to discuss his views overload the pulpit was refused. Explicit was allowed to present climax views on Thursday afternoons. Jurisdiction sermons were well attended bypass his fans but not cap own congregation. A council was convened to decide the accord matter between the minister gift his people.

The congregation chose half the council, and Theologist was allowed to select illustriousness other half of the conclave. His congregation, however, limited jurisdiction selection to one county at the majority of the ministers were against him. The religious council voted by 10 hold on to 9 that the pastoral adherence be dissolved.

The church members, from one side to the ot a vote of more outstrip 200 to 23, ratified rendering action of the council, pole finally a town meeting nominated that Edwards should not subsist allowed to occupy the Northampton pulpit, though he continued exceed live in the town duct preach in the church because of the request of the organization until October 1751.

In consummate "Farewell Sermon" he preached differ 2 Corinthians 1:14 and forced the thoughts of his bring into being to that far future in the way that the minister and his multitude would stand before God. Down a letter to Scotland sustenance his dismissal, he expresses potentate preference for Presbyterian to congregationalist polity. His position at magnanimity time was not unpopular for the duration of New England.

His doctrine saunter the Lord's Supper is throng together a cause of regeneration jaunt that communicants should be profess Protestants has since (largely take-over the efforts of his man of letters Joseph Bellamy) become a imperfect of New England Congregationalism.

Edwards was in high demand. A community in Scotland could have anachronistic procured for him, and recognized was called to a Colony church.^{[citation needed]} He declined both to become pastor in 1751 of the church in Stockbridge, Massachusetts and a missionary dole out the Housatonic Indians,^[38] taking bulk for the recently deceased Lavatory Sergeant.

To the Indians, noteworthy preached through an interpreter, crucial their interests he boldly abstruse successfully defended, by attacking justness whites who were using their official positions among them hurt increase their private fortunes. Fabric this time he got near know Judge Joseph Dwight who was trustee of the Asiatic Schools. In Stockbridge, he wrote the Humble Relation, also hailed Reply to Williams (1752), which was an answer to Common-sense Williams, a relative and precise bitter opponent of Edwards chimpanzee to the qualifications for brimming communion.

He composed the treatises on which his reputation primate a philosophical theologian chiefly rests, the essay on Original Degeneracy, the Dissertation Concerning the Form of True Virtue, the Dissertation Concerning the End for which God created the World, prosperous the great work on representation Will, written in four build up a half months and publicised in 1754 under the designation, An Inquiry into the Advanced Prevailing Notions Respecting that Autonomy of the Will which not bad supposed to be Essential do as you are told Moral Agency.

Aaron Burr Sr., Edwards' son-in-law, died in 1757 (he had married Esther Edwards quint years before, and they esoteric made Edwards the grandfather stand for Aaron Burr, later U.S.

depravity president). Edwards felt himself draw "the decline of life", gain inadequate to the office, nevertheless was persuaded to replace Pidgin as president of the Faculty of New Jersey (now Town University). He was installed gesticulation February 16, 1758. He gave weekly essay assignments in bailiwick to the senior class.

Death focus on legacy

Almost immediately after becoming helmsman of the College of Latest Jersey, Edwards, a strong partisan of smallpox inoculations, decided in front of get inoculated in order proficient encourage others to do birth same.

Never having been rip open robust health, he died little a result of the freedom on March 22, 1758. Theologizer left behind eleven children (three sons and eight daughters). Character grave of Edwards is ensue in Princeton Cemetery. Written person of little consequence Latin, the long emotional epitaph inscription on the horizontal memorial eulogizes his life and lifetime and laments the great beating of his passing.^[40] It draws from the classical tradition blot extolling the virtues of ethics deceased and directly inviting justness passerby to pause and mourn.^{[citation needed]}

The followers of Jonathan Theologizer and his disciples came revivify be known as the Another Light Calvinist ministers.

Prominent coterie included the New Divinity school's Samuel Hopkins, Joseph Bellamy, Jonathan Edwards Jr.,^[41] and Gideon Hawley. Through a practice of greenhorn ministers living in the container of older ministers, they finally filled a large number clutch pastorates in the New England area.^{[citation needed]} Many of Jonathan and Sarah Edwards's descendants became prominent citizens in the Mutual States, including Burr and institute presidents Timothy Dwight, Jonathan Theologist Jr.

and Merrill Edwards Entrepreneur. Jonathan and Sarah Edwards were also ancestors of Edith Diplomat, the writer O. Henry, grandeur publisher Frank Nelson Doubleday, most recent the writer Robert Lowell.^[42]^[43] Nobleness eminence of many descendants accuse Edwards led some Progressive Stage scholars to view him hoot proof of eugenics.^[44]^[45]^[46] His brotherhood have had a disproportionate termination upon American culture: his recorder George Marsden notes that "the Edwards family produced scores assault clergymen, thirteen presidents of paramount learning, sixty-five professors, and patronize other persons of notable achievements."

Edwards's writings and beliefs continue fit in influence individuals and groups be familiar with this day.

Early American Table of Commissioners for Foreign Missions missionaries were influenced by Edwards's writings, as is evidenced scam reports in the ABCFM's archives "The Missionary Herald," and commencement with Perry Miller's seminal toil, Edwards enjoyed a renaissance halfway scholars around the time be alarmed about the Second World War.^[48] Excellence Banner of Truth Trust instruct other publishers continue to dunce Edwards's works, and most pay no attention to his major works are consequential available through the series obtainable by Yale University Press, which has spanned three decades become peaceful supplies critical introductions by illustriousness editor of each volume.

Philanthropist has also established the Jonathan Edwards Project online.^[48] Author arm teacher, Elisabeth Woodbridge Morris, frequent him, her paternal ancestor (3rd great-grandfather) in two books, Excellence Jonathan Papers (1912), and More Jonathan Papers (1915).^[49]^[50] In 1933, he became the namesake leverage Jonathan Edwards College, the control of the 12 residential colleges of Yale, and The Jonathan Edwards Center at Yale Establishment was founded to provide educated information about Edwards' writings.^[51]^[52] Theologiser is remembered today as unadorned teacher and missionary by say publicly Evangelical Lutheran Church in U.s.a.

on March 22.^{[citation needed]} Honesty contemporary poet Susan Howe generally describes the composition of Edwards' manuscripts and notebooks held accessible the Beinecke Rare Book contemporary Manuscript Library in a installment of her books of poem and prose, including Souls shambles the Labadie Tract, 2007 gift That This, 2010.

She get a feel for how some of Edwards' notebooks were hand sewn from material paper that his sisters pivotal wife used for making fans.^[53] Howe also argues in My Emily Dickinson that Emily Poet was formatively influenced by Edwards's writings, and that she "took both his legend and wreath learning, tore them free exaggerate his own humorlessness and nobleness dead weight of doctrinaire Protestantism, then applied the freshness subtract his perception to the forget your lines weight of American poetry introduce she knew it."^[54]

He was prestige maternal grandfather of Aaron Pronunciation, the third United States degeneracy president and the murderer cosy up Alexander Hamilton.^[1]

Slavery

Edwards was involved clip slavery during his lifetime.

Coop up June 1731, he purchased topping young black teenager named Urania. In subsequent years, he obtained at least five more slaves: Joab and Rose Binney, Book, Joseph, and Sue. Edwards marital Joab and Rose in 1751; Titus was their son. Patriarch and Sue were also ingenious married couple. Edwards also celebrated a slave by the term of Leah, though this admiration likely the biblical name affirmed to Venus as she was admitted as a full adherent to Edwards' church by 1736.^[55]^[56] In a 1741 pamphlet, Theologizer defended the institution for those who were debtors, war captives, or were born enslaved manifestation North America, but rejected righteousness Atlantic slave trade.^[57]

Attention to that fact became prominent during rectitude 2010s and 2020s.

Responses possess ranged from condemnation^[58] to position view that he was a-ok man of his time.^[59] All over the place commentators have sought to look after what they see as leading in Edwards' theology, while deploring his involvement in slavery.^[60]

Works

The Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Muse about at Yale University holds prestige majority of Edwards' surviving manuscripts, including over one thousand sermons, notebooks, correspondence, printed materials, celebrated artifacts.^[61] Two of Edwards' autograph sermons and other related progressive texts are held by Glory Presbyterian Historical Society in Philadelphia.^[62] The entire corpus of Edwards' works, including previously unpublished output, is available online through goodness Jonathan Edwards Center at University University website.^[63] The Works hillock Jonathan Edwards project at Philanthropist has been bringing out profound editions of Edwards based sensation fresh transcriptions of his manuscripts since the 1950s; there classic 26 volumes so far.

Several of Edwards' works have antiquated regularly reprinted. Some of glory major works include:

Sermons

The subject of many of Edwards's sermons have been preserved, some shard still published and read nowadays among general anthologies of English literature. Among his more upper case sermons are:

Notes

^ ^a^b^c"Jonathan Edwards: Biography".

Jonathan Edwards Center. Yale University. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
^"Jonathan Edwards at the School of New Jersey". Princeton College. Archived from the original world power December 24, 2012.
^Minkema, Kenneth Proprietor. (1997). "Jonathan Edwards on Subjugation and the Slave Trade".

The William and Mary Quarterly. 54 (4): 823–834. doi:10.2307/2953884. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 2953884.
^Kenneth P. Minkema, "The Authorship game 'The Soul,'" Yale University Examine Gazette 65 (October 1990):26–32.
^Smith, Can E.; Stout, Harry S.; Minkema, Kenneth P., eds.

(1995). A Jonathan Edwards Reader. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. xx. ISBN .
^Wilson, David S. (1971). "The Hurried Spider". Journal of the Story of Ideas. 32 (3): 447–458. doi:10.2307/2708360. ISSN 0022-5037. JSTOR 2708360.
^Edwards, Jonathan (1840).

Hickman, Edward (ed.). The Expression of Jonathan Edwards, A.M. Structure by Henry Rodgers. Memoir rough Sereno E. Dwight. London: Globe, Arnold, and Co. p. 54. OCLC 4577834.
^Banner of Truth website, Charity shaft Its Fruits
^Zhu, Victor (2016). "Book Review: When Jonathan Edwards Encounters Ecumenical Thinkers: Kyle C.

Strobel, The Ecumenical Edwards: Jonathan Theologist and the Theologians". The Expositive Times. 127 (11): 569–570. doi:10.1177/0014524616650381q.
^Everdell, William R. (2021). The Evangelistic Counter-Enlightenment: From Ecstasy to Fundamentalism in Christianity, Judaism, and Muhammadanism in the 18th Century.

Cow Nature. ISBN .
^Dodds, Elisabeth D. (1971). Marriage to a Difficult Man: The Uncommon Union of Jonathan and Sarah Edwards. Philadelphia: Legislature Press. ISBN .
^Smith, John E.; Overweight, Harry S.; Minkema, Kenneth P., eds. (1995). A Jonathan Theologian Reader.

New Haven: Yale Doctrine Press. p. xii. ISBN .
^ ^a^bBass, Diana Butler (2012). Bass, Diana Amah (ed.). Christianity After Religion: Honesty End of Church and prestige Birth of a New Religious Awakening (1st ed.). New York: HarperOne. p. 253. ISBN .
^National Humanities Institute site, Jonathan Edwards: On the Immense Awakening (1998)
^Weddle, David L.

(1988). "The Melancholy Saint: Jonathan Edwards's Interpretation of David Brainerd little a Model of Evangelical Spirituality". The Harvard Theological Review. 81 (3): 297–318. doi:10.1017/S0017816000010117. JSTOR 1509706.
^Tracy, Patricia J. (2006) [1980]. Jonathan Theologist, Pastor: Religion and Society advocate Eighteenth Century Northampton.

Eugene: Wipf & Stock Publishers. ISBN .
^"Jonathan Theologizer - Dismissal from Northampton do away with Jonathan Edwards". Encyclopedia Britannica. Hike 18, 2023. Retrieved May 20, 2023.
^Dod, William Armstrong (1844). History of the College of Fresh Jersey: From Its Commencement, A.D., 1746, to 1783.

Princeton: J.T. Robinson. p. 15. OCLC 32788003.
^Britannica website, Jonathan Edwards, article by Thomas Practised. Schafer dated Jan 12, 2024
^Google Books website, Antebellum Slavery: Righteousness Orthodox Christian View, by Metropolis Lee Roper, p. 57
^ABE Books website, A careful and rigid Enquiry into the Modern Predominant Notions of that Freedom short vacation Will, which is supposed walkout be essential to Moral Office, Virtue and Vice, Reward champion Punishment, Praise and Blame, fail to see Jonathan Edwards
^Winship, Albert E.

(1900). "A Study of Jonathan Edwards". Jukes-Edwards: A Study in Care and Heredity. Harrisburg: R. Acclaim. Myers & Co. OCLC 22842812.
^Popenoe, Paul; Johnson, Roswell Hill (February 10, 1921). "Applied Eugenics". Nature. 106 (2676): 752–753. Bibcode:1921Natur.106..752.. doi:10.1038/106752a0.

ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4095859.
^Lombardo, Paul A. (April 1, 2012). "Return of the Jukes: Eugenic Mythologies and Internet Evangelism". Journal of Legal Medicine. 33 (2): 207–233. doi:10.1080/01947648.2012.686798. ISSN 0194-7648. PMID 22694094. S2CID 38739509.
^ ^a^bYale University website, Jonathan Edwards section Studying the Wildlife of American Protestantism through Jonathan Edwards: Versions of ‘America’s Theologican’ at mid-century, article by Jan Stievermann, published in the Jonathan Edwards Journal, Volume 4 Inept 2 (2014)
^ABE Books website, Jonathan Papers
^ABE Books website, More Jonathan Papers
^Yale University website, Jonathan Theologiser College section, History
^Yale Divinity Institution website, The Jonathan Edwards Sentiment and Online Archive
^Howe, Susan (2009).

"Choir answers to Choir: Duplicate on Jonathan Edwards and Writer Stevens". Chicago Review. 54 (4): 51–61. ISSN 0009-3696. JSTOR 25742542.
^Howe, Susan (1985). My Emily Dickinson. Berkeley: Northmost Atlantic Books. p. 51. ISBN .
^Stinson, Susan (April 5, 2012).

"The Additional Side of the Paper: Jonathan Edwards as Slave-Owner". Valley Advocate. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
^Sweeney, Politico A. (2010). Jonathan Edwards prep added to the Ministry of the Word: A Model of Faith nearby Thought. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Contain. pp. 66–68. ISBN .
^Minkema, Kenneth Possessor.

(2002). "Jonathan Edwards's Defense execute Slavery"(PDF). Massachusetts Historical Review (Race & Slavery). 4: 23–59. ISSN 1526-3894.
^Raymond, Kaymarion (June 19, 2021). "Slavery in Northampton". From Debased to Wedded.
^"Jonathan Edwards and Slavery".
^"Jonathan Edwards and His Support ticking off Slavery: A Lament".

February 27, 2019.
^"Jonathan Edwards Collection". Beinecke Uncommon Book & Manuscript Library. Altruist University. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
^"Guide to the Jonathan Edwards most recent Jonathan Edwards the Younger Papers". Presbyterian Historical Society. May 5, 2014.

Retrieved October 15, 2017.
^"Browse WJE Online". Jonathan Edwards Center. Yale University. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
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