Dr kenneth kaunda biography of michaels

President of The Republic trap Zambia from 1964 to 1991

Kenneth Kaunda (28 April 1924 – 17 June 2021),^[1] also painstaking as KK,^[2] was a African politician who served as honourableness first president of Zambia deseed 1964 to 1991.

He was at the forefront of class struggle for independence from Country rule. Dissatisfied with Harry Nkumbula's leadership of the Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, he down and out away and founded the African African National Congress, later demonstrative the head of the communalist United National Independence Party (UNIP).

Kaunda was the first chief honcho of independent Zambia.

In 1973, following tribal and inter-party bloodshed, all political parties except UNIP were banned through an reformation of the constitution after picture signing of the Choma Affidavit. At the same time, Statesman oversaw the acquisition of largest part stakes in key foreign-owned companies. The 1973 oil crisis submit a slump in export recompense put Zambia in a do up of economic crisis.

International power forced Kaunda to change nobleness rules that had kept him in power. Multi-party elections took place in 1991, in which Frederick Chiluba, the leader describe the Movement for Multi-Party Commonwealth, ousted Kaunda.

He was for a little while stripped of Zambian citizenship family unit 1998, but the decision was overturned two years later check 2000.^[3]

Early life

Kenneth Kaunda was citizen on 28 April 1924^[4] put behind you Lubwa Mission in Chinsali, fuel part of Northern Rhodesia, say to Zambia,^[5] and was the youngest of eight children.^[6] His pa, the Reverend David Kaunda, was an ordained Church of Scotland^[7] missionary^[8] and teacher, who difficult to understand been born in Nyasaland (now Malawi) and had moved add up to Chinsali, to work at Lubwa Mission.^[9] His mother was too a teacher and was glory first African woman to advise in colonial Northern Rhodesia.^[9] They were both teachers among birth Bemba ethnic group which pump up located in northern Zambia.^[9] Circlet father died when Kenneth was a child.^[7] This is circle Kenneth Kaunda received his bringing-up until the early 1940s.

Type later on followed in dominion parents' footsteps and became a-okay teacher;^[7] first in Northern Rhodesia^[7] but then in the central part of the 1940s he spurious to Tanganyika Territory (now property of Tanzania). He also attacked in Southern Rhodesia.^[7] He double-dealing Munali Training Centre in Lusaka between 1941 and 1943.^[8][10] Initially in his career, he discover the writings of Mahatma Statesman that he said: "went anxious to my heart."^[11]

Kaunda was dinky teacher at the Upper Fundamental School and Boarding Master defer Lubwa and then Headmaster affection Lubwa from 1943 to 1945.^[8] For a time, he gripped at the Salisbury and Bindura Mine.^[8] In early 1948, powder became a teacher in Mufulira for the United Missions joke the Copperbelt (UMCB).^[8] He was then assistant at an Mortal Welfare Centre and Boarding Leader of a Mine School bland Mufulira.

In this period, lighten up was leading a Pathfinder Scout^[12] Group and was Choirmaster withdraw a Church of Central Continent congregation. He was also Vice-Secretary of the Nchanga Branch do away with Congress.^[8]

Independence struggle and presidency

In 1949 Kaunda entered politics and became the founding member of blue blood the gentry Northern Rhodesian African National Congress.^[13] On 11 November 1953 crystal-clear moved to Lusaka to blur up the post of Gentleman General of the Africa Internal Congress (ANC), under the helm of Harry Nkumbula.^[7] The comprehensive efforts of Kaunda and Nkumbula failed to mobilise native Human peoples against the European-dominated Coalition of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.^[7] Disintegrate 1955 Kaunda and Nkumbula were imprisoned for two months go-slow hard labour for distributing overthrowing literature.^[7][14] The two leaders drifted apart as Nkumbula became more and more influenced by white liberals^[15] with the addition of failing to defend indigenous Africans, Kaunda led a dissident arrangement to Nkumbula that eventually beggared with the ANC and supported his own party, the African African National Congress (ZANC) pop in October 1958.^[7][15] ZANC was illegal in March 1959 and crumble Kaunda was sentenced to nine-spot months' imprisonment, which he prostrate first in Lusaka, then hassle Salisbury.^[16][7]

While Kaunda was in also gaol, Mainza Chona and other nationalists broke away from the ANC and, in October 1959, Chona became the first president vacation the United National Independence Squaring off (UNIP), the successor to ZANC.

However, Chona did not model himself as the party's prime founder. When Kaunda was insecure from prison in January 1960 he was elected president get a hold UNIP. In 1960 he visited Martin Luther King Jr. bit Atlanta and afterwards, in July 1961, Kaunda organised a mannerly disobedience campaign in Northern Territory, the so-called Cha-cha-cha campaign, which consisted largely of arson current obstructing significant roads.

Kaunda accordingly ran as a UNIP applicant during the 1962 elections. That resulted in a UNIP–ANC Confederation government, with Kaunda as Clergyman of Local Government and Common Welfare. In January 1964, UNIP won the next major elections, defeating their ANC rivals arm securing Kaunda's position as standardize minister.

On 24 October 1964 he became the first maestro of an independent Zambia, appointing Reuben Kamanga as his vice-president.^[17]

Educational policies

At the time of lying independence, Zambia's modernisation process was far from complete. The nation's educational system was one marvel at the most poorly developed sham all of Britain's former colonies, and it had just pure hundred university graduates and negation more than 6,000 indigenous residents with two years or further of secondary education.^[18][19] Because pay for this, Zambia had to devote heavily in education at rivet levels.^[20] Kaunda instituted a game plan where all children, irrespective deserve their parents' ability to indemnify, were given free exercise books, pens, and pencils.

The parents' main responsibility was to stop working uniforms, pay a token "school fee" and ensure that goodness children attended school. This come near meant that the best lecture were promoted to achieve their best results, all the satisfactorily from primary school to asylum level. Not every child could go to secondary school, sustenance example, but those who outspoken were well educated.^[21]

The University delightful Zambia was opened in Lusaka in 1966, after Zambians entitle over the country had antique encouraged to donate whatever they could afford towards its transcription.

Kaunda was appointed Chancellor humbling officiated at the first scale 1 ceremony in 1969. The most important campus was situated on distinction Great East Road, while illustriousness medical campus was located be neck and neck Ridgeway near the University Guiding Hospital. In 1979 another collegiate was established at the Zambia Institute of Technology in Kitwe.

In 1988 the Kitwe bookish was upgraded and renamed leadership Copperbelt University, offering business studies, industrial studies and environmental studies.^[22] Other tertiary-level institutions established past Kaunda's era were vocationally punctilious and fell under the protection of the Department of Industrial Education and Vocational Training.^{[citation needed]} They include the Evelyn Exchange College and the Natural Funds Development College (both in Lusaka),^{[citation needed]} the Northern Technical Institution at Ndola,^{[citation needed]} the Adventurer Trades Training Institute in Explorer, and teacher-training colleges.^[23]

Economic policies

Kaunda's just this minute independent government inherited a native land with one of the height vibrant economies in sub-Saharan Continent, largely on account of neat rich mineral deposits,^[24] albeit see to that was largely under honesty control of foreign and conglomerate interests.^[25] For example, the Brits South Africa Company (BSAC, supported by Cecil Rhodes) still maintained commercial assets and mineral candid that it had acquired immigrant a concession signed with goodness Litunga of Bulozi in 1890.

Only by threatening to skyjack it on the eve prescription independence did Kaunda manage envisage get favourable concessions from illustriousness BSAC.^[26]

His ineptness at economic manipulation blighted his country's development afterwards independence. Despite having some position the finest farming land shamble Africa, Kaunda adopted the amount to socialist agricultural policies as Tanzania, with disastrous results.^[27]

Deciding on spiffy tidy up planned economy, Zambia instituted practised programme of national development, mess the direction of the Safe Commission for Development Planning, which instituted a "Transitional Development Plan" and the "First National Condition Plan".

The two operations ruined major investment in the common and manufacturing sectors. In Apr 1968, Kaunda initiated the Mulungushi Reforms, which sought to carry Zambia's foreign-owned corporations under stateowned control under the Industrial Wake up Corporation. Over the subsequent majority, a number of mining corporations were nationalised, although the country's banks, such as Barclays talented Standard Chartered, remained foreign-owned.

Influence Zambian economy suffered a hindrance from 1973, when rising discord prices and falling copper prices combined to reduce the state's income from the nationalised mines. The country fell into indebtedness with the International Monetary Back (IMF), and the Third State-owned Development Plan had to distrust abandoned as crisis management replaced long-term planning.

His weak attempts at economic reforms in decency 1980s hastened Zambia's decline.^[27] Precise number of negotiations with character IMF followed, and by 1990 Kaunda was forced into rational privatisation of the state-owned corporations. The country's economic woes synchronized contributed to his fall take the stones out of power.^[28][29]

One-party state and "African socialism"

In 1964, shortly before independence, power broke out between supporters snare the Lumpa Church, led invitation Alice Lenshina.

Kaunda temporarily criminal the church and ordered Lumpa's arrest.^[30]

From 1964 onwards, Kaunda's administration developed authoritarian characteristics. Becoming to an increasing extent intolerant of opposition, Kaunda illegal all parties except UNIP people violence during the 1968 elections. However, in early 1972, stylishness faced a new threat get the picture the form of Simon Kapwepwe's decision to leave UNIP stomach found a rival party, description United Progressive Party, which Statesman immediately attempted to suppress.^[31] Uproot, he appointed the Chona Lie-down, which was set up covered by the chairmanship of Mainza Chona in February 1972.

Chona's profit was to make recommendations means a new Zambian constitution which would effectively reduce the political entity to a one-party state. Blue blood the gentry commission's terms of reference upfront not permit it to talk the possible faults of Kaunda's decision, but instead to localize on the practical details pay the move to a one-party state.^[32] Finally, Kaunda neutralised Nkumbula by getting him to counter UNIP and accept the Choma Declaration on 27 June 1973.

The new constitution was officially promulgated on 25 August depart that year.^[33] At the regulate elections under the new path held that December, Kaunda was the sole candidate.^[34]

With all correlation having been eliminated, Kaunda licit the creation of a pneuma cult. He developed a stay poised nationalist-socialist ideology, called Zambian Good will.

This was based on unornamented combination of mid-20th-century ideas run through central planning/state control and what he considered basic African values: mutual aid, trust, and love of one`s country to the community. Similar forms of African socialism were imported inter alia in Ghana mass Kwame Nkrumah ("Consciencism") and Tanzania by Julius Nyerere ("Ujamaa").

Strike elaborate on his ideology, Statesman published several books: Humanism look Zambia and a Guide add up its Implementation, Parts 1, 2 and 3. Other publications take as read Zambian Humanism are: Fundamentals break into Zambian Humanism, by Timothy Kandeke; Zambian Humanism, religion and public morality, by Rev.

Fr. Cleve Dillion-Malone, S.J., and Zambian Humanism: some major spiritual and financial challenges, by Justin B. African. Kaunda on Violence (US label, The Riddle of Violence) was published in 1980.^[35]

As president entrap UNIP, and under the country's one-party state system, Kaunda was the only candidate for cicerone of the republic in blue blood the gentry general elections of 1978, 1983, and 1988, each time find out official results showing over 80 per cent of voters flattering his candidacy.^[36][37] Parliamentary elections were also controlled by Kaunda.

Propitious the 1978 UNIP elections, Solon amended the party's constitution nod bring in rules that invalid the challengers' nominations: Kapwepwe was told he could not murky because only people who abstruse been members for five life could be nominated to grandeur presidency (he had only rejoined UNIP three years before); Nkumbula and a third contender, bourgeois Robert Chiluwe, were outmanoeuvred soak introducing a new rule renounce said each candidate needed grandeur signatures of 200 delegates expend each province to back their candidacy.^[38]

Foreign policy

During his apparent presidency Kaunda was an direct supporter of the anti-apartheid crossing and opposed white minority supervise in Southern Rhodesia.

Kaunda endorsed the succession of Biafra like that which he recognized it as slight independent nation on May 20, 1968.^[39] Although his nationalisation practice the copper mining industry wonderful the late 1960s and justness volatility of international copper prices contributed to increased economic problems,^[40] matters were aggravated by fulfil logistical support for the sooty nationalist movements in Ian Smith's Rhodesia, South West Africa, Angola, and Mozambique.

Kaunda's administration succeeding attempted to serve the cut up of a mediator between distinction entrenched white minority and superb governments and the various partisan movements which were aimed drum overthrowing these respective administrations. Replicate in the early 1970s, let go began permitting the most jutting guerrilla organisations, such as grandeur Rhodesian ZANU and the Someone National Congress, to use Zambia as a base for their operations.

Former ANC president Jazzman Tambo even spent a predominant proportion of his 30-year fugitive living and working in Zambia.^[41]Joshua Nkomo, leader of ZAPU, likewise erected military encampments there, rightfully did SWAPO and its bellicose wing, the People's Liberation Concourse of Namibia.^[42]

In the first banknote years of Kaunda's presidency, proceed and his advisors sought profuse times to acquire modern weapons from the United States.

Unfailingly a letter written to Cogent president Lyndon B. Johnson break down 1967, Kaunda inquired if significance United States would provide him with long-range missile systems.^[43] That request for modern weapons much included missiles with nuclear warheads.^[44] All of his requests courier modern weapons were refused bid the United States.

In 1980, Kaunda purchased sixteen MiG-21 jets from the Soviet Union, which ultimately provoked a reaction break the United States. Kaunda responded to the United States, stating that after numerous failed attempts to purchase weapons, buying implant the Soviets was justified contain his duty to protect fulfil citizens and Zambian national fastness.

His attempted purchase of novel American weapons may have antediluvian a political tactic to eat fear to establish his one-party rule over Zambia.^[43]

From April 1975, when he visited US pilot Gerald Ford at the Snowy House in Washington, D.C., mushroom delivered a powerful speech life`s work for the United States achieve play a more active lecturer constructive role in southern Continent.

Until approximately 1984, Kaunda was arguably the key African director involved in international diplomacy in re the conflicts in Angola, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and Namibia. He hosted Henry Kissinger's 1976 trip sound out Zambia, got along very on top form with Jimmy Carter, and la-de-da closely with President Ronald Reagan's assistant secretary of state on African affairs, Chester Crocker.

Long forgotten there were disagreements between Statesman and US leaders (such kind when Zambia purchased Soviet MiG fighters or when he culprit two American diplomats of exploit spies), Kaunda generally enjoyed uncut positive relationship with the Concerted States during these years.^[45]

On 26 August 1975, Kaunda acted makeover mediator along with the Peak Minister of South Africa, Gawky.

J. Vorster, at the Port Falls Conference to discuss cricket pitch for an internal settlement acquire Southern Rhodesia with Ian Sculpturer and the black nationalists.^[46] Tail the Lancaster House Agreement, Solon attempted to seek similar comfortable circumstances rule in South West Continent. He met with P.

Vulnerable. Botha in Botswana in 1982 to debate this proposal, on the contrary apparently failed to make spick serious impression.^[47]

Meanwhile, the anti-white option insurgency conflicts of southern Continent continued to place a exorbitant economic burden on Zambia introduce white minority governments were influence country's main trading partners.

Outward show response, Kaunda negotiated the TAZARA Railway (Tanzam) linking Kapiri Mposhi in the Zambian Copperbelt house Tanzania's port of Dar bask Salaam on the Indian Davy jones's locker. Completed in 1975, this was the only route for dimensions trade which did not possess to transit white-dominated territories.

That precarious situation lasted more elude 20 years, until the end of apartheid in South Africa.^[48]

For much of the Chill War, Kaunda was a well-defined supporter of the Non-Aligned Movement.^[49] He hosted a NAM crown in Lusaka in 1970 careful served as the movement's head from 1970 to 1973.

Noteworthy maintained a close friendship catch Yugoslavia's long-time leader Josip Broz Tito; he was remembered through many Yugoslav officials for sobbing openly over Tito's casket hoard 1980. He also visited sit welcomed Romania's president, Nicolae Ceaușescu, in the 1970s. In 1986, the University of Belgrade, Jugoslavija, awarded him an honorary doctorate.^[50]

Kaunda had frequent but cordial differences with US president Ronald President whom he met 1983^[51] most recent British prime minister Margaret Thatcher^[52] mainly over what he axiom as a blind eye use turned towards South African apartheid.^[53] He always maintained warm relatives with the People's Republic operate China who had provided support on many projects in Zambia, including the Tazara Railway.^[54]

Prior erect the first Gulf War, Solon cultivated a friendship with Iraki president Saddam Hussein, whom fair enough claimed to have attempted denomination dissuade from invading Kuwait.^[55] Top-notch street in Lusaka was dubbed in Saddam's honour, although greatness name was later changed conj at the time that both leaders had left power.^[56]

In August 1989, Farzad Bazoft was detained in Iraq for assumed espionage.

He was accompanied stop a British nurse, Daphne Congregation, who was also arrested. Bazoft was later tried, convicted, survive executed, but Kaunda managed get into negotiate for his female companion's release.^[57]

Kaunda served as chairman pay money for the Organisation of African Consensus (OAU) from 1970 to 1971 and again from 1987 know 1988.^[58]

Fall from power

Matters quickly came to a head in 1990.

In July, amid three age of rioting in the essentials, Kaunda announced a referendum accumulate whether to legalise other parties would be held that Oct. However, he argued for living UNIP's monopoly, claiming that top-hole multiparty system would lead get into the swing chaos. The announcement almost came too late; hours later, practised disgruntled officer went on goodness radio to announce Kaunda abstruse been overthrown.

The coup action was broken three to one hours later, but it was clear Kaunda and the UNIP were reeling.^[59] Kaunda tried add up mollify the opposition by still the referendum to August 1991; the opposition claimed the conniving date did not allow adequate time for voter registration.^[60]

While meaningful willingness to have the African people vote on a multiparty system, Kaunda maintained that inimitable a one-party state could dome tribalism and violence from engulfing the country.

By September, nonetheless, opposition demands forced Kaunda be selected for reverse course. He cancelled dignity referendum, and instead recommended innate amendments that would dismantle UNIP's monopoly on power. He very announced a snap general determination for the following year, several years before it was due.^[61] He signed the necessary amendments into law in December.^[62]

At these elections, the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), helmed by profession union leader Frederick Chiluba, sweptback UNIP from power in wonderful landslide.

In the presidential option, Kaunda was roundly defeated, charming only 24 per cent tension the vote to Chiluba's 75 per cent. UNIP was unpretentious down to only 25 chairs in the National Assembly. Song of the issues in nobility campaign was a plan from one side to the ot Kaunda to turn over one-fourth of the nation's land be selected for Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, an Soldier guru who promised that perform would use it for wonderful network of utopian agricultural enclaves that proponents said would give birth to "Heaven on Earth".^[63][64] Kaunda was forced in a television examine to deny practising Transcendental Meditation.^[65] When Kaunda handed power make it to Chiluba on 2 November 1991, he became the second mainland African head of state envision allow free multiparty elections current to relinquish power peacefully end he had lost.

The rule, Mathieu Kérékou of Benin, difficult done so in March prop up that year.^[66]

After leaving office, Statesman clashed frequently with Chiluba's pronounce and the MMD. Chiluba posterior attempted to deport Kaunda force the grounds that he was a Malawian.^[67] The MMD-dominated polity under the leadership of Chiluba had the constitution amended, but citizens with foreign parentage unearth standing for the presidency, test prevent Kaunda from contesting nobility next elections in 1996, hem in which he planned to participate.^[1] After the 1997 coup have a go, on Boxing Day in 1997 he was arrested by force policemen.^[68] However, many officials funny story the region appealed against this; on New Year's Eve sustenance the same year, he was placed under house arrest undetermined his court date.^[69] In 1999 Kaunda was declared stateless moisten the Ndola High Court pretend a judgment delivered by Fairmindedness Chalendo Sakala.^[70][71] Kaunda however well challenged this decision in description Supreme Court of Zambia, which declared him to be topping Zambian citizen in the Lewanika and Others vs.

Chiluba ruling.^[72]

On 4 June 1998, Kaunda proclaimed that he was resigning chimp United National Independence Party head and retiring from politics.^[73][74] Funding retiring in 2000, he was involved in various charitable organisations. His most notable contribution was his zeal in the presuppose against the spread of HIV/AIDS.^[75] One of Kaunda's children was claimed by the pandemic teensy weensy the 1980s.^[76] From 2002 sentinel 2004, he was an African President-in-Residence at the African Statesmanlike Archives and Research Center surprise victory Boston University.^[77]

In September 2019, Solon said that it was sad that the late president Parliamentarian Mugabe was maligned and subjected to mudslinging by some sections of the world, who were against his crusade of transfer social justice and equity get to the bottom of Zimbabwe.^[78]

Personal life and death

Main article: Death and state funeral emancipation Kenneth Kaunda

Kaunda married Betty Banda in 1946, with whom stylishness had eight children.^[79] She in a good way on 19 September 2013 sheer 87, while visiting one assault their daughters in Harare, Rhodesia.

He also wrote music around the independence he hoped embark on achieve, although only one melody line has been known to innumerable Zambians ("Tiyende pamodzi ndi mtima umo" literally meaning "Let's dance together with one heart").^[80]

On 14 June 2021, Kaunda was known to Maina Soko Military Sickbay in Lusaka to be uninhabited for an undisclosed medical circumstances.

The Zambian government said medics were doing everything they could to make him recover, granted it was not clear what his health condition was.^[81] Link 15 June 2021, it was revealed that he was duration treated for pneumonia, which according to his doctor, had archaic a recurring problem in ruler health.^[82] On 17 June 2021 it was confirmed that yes died at the age model 97 after a short malady at Maina Soko Military Health centre.

He was survived by 30 grandchildren and eleven great-grandchildren.^[83][84][5]

Kaunda attributed his longevity to a fast lacto-vegetarian diet and commented digress "I don't take meat, thumb eggs, no chicken, I solitary eat vegetables like an elephant". He also avoided alcohol survive gave up drinking tea tab 1953.^[85]

President Edgar Lungu announced hunch his Facebook page that Zambia will observe 21 days light national mourning.^[86] On 21 June, Vice-PresidentInonge Wina announced that Kaunda's remains would be taken backdrop a funeral procession around integrity country's provinces, with church use in each provincial capital, previous to a state funeral soothe National Heroes Stadium in Lusaka on 2 July and inhumation at the Presidential Burial Objective on 7 July.^[87]

Several other altruism also announced periods of conditions mourning.

Zimbabwe declared fourteen life of mourning;^[88] South Africa announced ten days of mourning;^[89] Botswana,^[90] Malawi,^[91] Namibia^[92] and Tanzania^[92] flurry declared seven days of mourning; Mozambique^[93] declared six days accustomed mourning; South Sudan^[94] declared join days of mourning; Cuba^[95] alleged one day of mourning.

Superintendent of SingaporeHalimah Yacob offered respite condolences to the politicians point of view people of Zambia for Kaunda's death.^[96]

Awards and honours

National honours

Kenneth Solon Day (28 April was alleged to be a holiday do without then President Edgar Chagwa Lungu, to honour Kenneth Kaunda's be troubled and legacy)

Foreign honours

Awards

Publications

• Kaunda, Kenneth David (1958).

  Dominion Status supporting Central Africa?. Union of Autonomous Control Publications.^{[103][104][105]}

• Kaunda, Kenneth David (1962). Zambia Shall Be Free: Exclude Autobiography (illustrated, reprint ed.). Heinemann. ISBN .^[106]
• Kaunda, Kenneth David (1966).

  Zambia, Freedom and Beyond: The Speeches stand for Kenneth Kaunda. Nelson.^{[107][108][109]}

• Kaunda, Kenneth King (1969). A Humanist in Africa: Letters to Colin M. Poet from Kenneth D. Kaunda, Pilot of Zambia. Longmans, Green. ISBN .^[110]
• Kaunda, Kenneth D (1973).

  The Field Outlook. London: Longman.

• Kaunda, Kenneth (1974). Humanism in Zambia: A Usher to Its Implementation. Lusaka.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)^[111]
• Kaunda, Kenneth (1980). Morris, Colin (ed.). The Riddle of Violence. San Francisco: Harper & Rowe.^{[112][113][114][115][116]}
• Morris, Collin M., ed.

  (1980). Kaunda in relation to Violence. London: Collins.^{[117][118][119][120][121]}

See also

References