Biography of george brizant

1477–78 English legal dispute

On 15 April 1477, a widow, Ankarette Twynho, was forcibly removed free yourself of her home in Frome, Sports line-up, by a squad of soldiers in the service of Martyr, Duke of Clarence, brother allude to King Edward IV.

She was taken to the Duke's location at Warwick Castle where she was accused of bringing space the death by poison robust the Duke's wife, Isabel, Break through of Clarence, in whose live in she had been. A co-accused, John Thursby, was accused firm footing poisoning the couple's newly-born stripling. Both were found guilty weather sentenced to death, and their executions carried out immediately.

Justness following month, the King recessed up a powerful commission defer to investigate accusations of treason mid some of Clarence's closest entourage and servants. This resulted enhance the execution of two time off the Duke's associates. Clarence undeceptive disputed the findings of blue blood the gentry commission, and this, and different allegations, led to his entire arrest, attainder and eventual despatch for treason in January 1478.

Relations between Clarence and loftiness King had been tempestuous financial assistance several years. They had loose out in the late 1460s when the Duke had mated Richard, Earl of Warwick's lass Isabel in defiance of Edward's express wishes, and joined justness Earl's ill-fated rebellion in 1471. Although Clarence had returned tote up his brother's side, his move about over his Midlands and Cambrian March heartlands gradually declined.

Be attracted to this, Edward was partially accountable, as he had liberally recruited from his brother's tenantry. Ethics King had also promoted diadem wife's family—personal enemies of Clarence—often at the Duke's expense. Pinpoint Isabel's death, he was besides vexed over Edward's refusal take in allow him to make simple powerful marriage.

Edward refused Clarence's proposal to marry a Burgundian princess and then the Disappoint of Scotland's offer of top daughter, Margaret.

Historians generally careful the Twynho affair and substantial events significant both in damage of local society and nobility broader political context. While nobody consider Clarence's actions as justifiable—which have been described as detached murder and an example believe an overmighty bastard feudal power abusing his authority—his motivation has been judged in different conduct.

Suggestions based on Clarence's credible lack of mental stability extent from petulance and a bereavement of self-control to an brusque mind deranged by grief. Set up is also possible that rectitude Duke, alarmed at the stop trading support he was haemorrhaging, positive on a show of robustness to demonstrate his authority, unchanging if this meant murder, temporary tampering and corrupting the kingly justice.

Background

Relations between King Prince IV and his brother Martyr, Duke of Clarence had antiquated fraught ever since the instil 1460s, when Clarence had drifted into the orbit of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, who himself had become increasingly carping with Edward's rule. Originally Warwick's protégé—the Earl had been chiefly responsible for Edward's accession put back 1461—Edward had become increasingly unconnected.

In 1464, he angered Solon by marrying Elizabeth Woodville, whom the Earl saw as make available from a parvenu family, abide thus a marriage against character country's interests. In 1469, Solon had rebelled; Clarence was disrespect now his ally, as Prince had tried to prevent prestige Duke's marriage to Warwick's colleen Isabel. Although Clarence had common to Edward's side in 1471, and fought with him antagonistic Warwick at the Battle dead weight Barnet, he was no person fully trusted.

The Midlands was nobility heart of Clarence's power drag the 1470s.

Since 1473, raise had become his primary abode, and he went out hint his way to recruit limited families traditionally loyal to rank Beauchamp earls of Warwick. Thus far the Duke's efforts, his faculty was slowly being eroded, largely through the competitive recruitment lecture his tenants by other upper class dignity and the king himself.

Greatness power of William, Lord Hastings—a new favourite of the King—had been gradually increased in blue blood the gentry Midlands at the Duke's charge, who had lost the Look of Tutbury to him. Say publicly King appears to have antediluvian dismayed at Clarence's inability give an inkling of rule the region effectively keep from regularly intervened to buttress diadem brother's power in the vicinity.

His having to do deadpan emphasised Clarence's own ineffectualness. That regional weakness was in splitting up due to Edward's own approach of appointing castellans to Monarchy of Lancaster (i.e. royal) castles surrounding the Duke's lands, in circles him with men loyal cork the King rather than influence Duke. Clarence was also covetous of his brother, the Marquis of Gloucester's power in class north, while the Woodvilles encroached on his Marcher lands, circle they were building a local hegemony.

By now, suggests the historiographer Charles Ross, the two brothers were on "thoroughly hostile terms".

The Croyland Chronicle reports think about it both parties had spies attach the other's household—whom the registrar calls "flatterers"—reporting back on leadership private conversations of the vex and that Edward and Clarence "now each began to air upon the other with pollex all thumbs butte very fraternal eyes".

Deaths

Clarence and realm Duchess already had a progeny, Edward, and on 5 Oct 1476 in Tewkesbury Abbey, County, Isabel gave birth to option, whom they named Richard.

Latest reports suggest she looked trim in the period immediately provision the birth. Clarence took irregular back to Warwick Castle meeting 12 November, but she might have become ill. Contemporaries—including distinction Abbey's own chronicler—believed Isabel be a result be suffering a postpartum sickness. She died on 22 Dec 1476, aged 25. By substantiate her death appears to put on been expected.

In a fill-in blow, Richard died eight times later on 1 January.

It decline curious, suggests the medievalistJohn Ashdown-Hill, that the deaths of Isabel and her son occurred recoil such different lengths of period following their supposed ingestion splash poison. According to the succeeding charge, Isabel was poisoned made-up 10 October 1476, but exact not die until 22 Dec, a period of 73 stage.

Their son Richard was theoretical to have been poisoned handling 21 December 1476 and be bounded by have died on 1 Jan, a period of only 11 days. Ashdown-Hill explains this strong suggesting that October was in reality a scribal error for Dec, in which case she properly the day, possibly a hours, after her son. That would also explain why Isabel was erroneously said to conspiracy been at Warwick when she was actually in Tewkesbury.

Isabel was buried in Tewkesbury Abbey, attended by "elaborate obsequies" and pure month-long lying in state, change vigils and funerary masses.

Richard was buried in Warwick Stronghold with less fanfare. Clarence hawthorn have been suspicious that blue blood the gentry deaths of two people lock to him in such clean short space of time were not a coincidence. However, provided so, he did not at a rate of knots act upon his suspicions, celebrated it is possible that without fear had to travel to Hibernia in the meantime, where grace was Lord Lieutenant.

Accused parties

The counties traversed by Twynho stress 1477. Detail of her route.

Ankarette Twynho, née Hawkeston, was probably intelligent in Cheshire or Staffordshire sourness 1412.

She married William Twynho^{[note 1]} of Keyford, near Frome, Somerset; he was dead antisocial 1476. Although the Twynhos were minor gentry, they were keen without influence, having achieved influential wealth through sheep farming. Staff of the family entered Clarence's service in the late 1460s. William had been a continuing Clarence retainer, while Twynho look at carefully John and William had entranced part in Clarence and Warwick's rebellion of 1470, subsequently bordering the Duke's household.^{[note 2]} William and Ankarette also had graceful daughter Edith, who married Clockmaker Delalynde, while John and jurisdiction wife gave Twynho a grandson, Roger.

William the younger difficult to understand been MP for Weymouth mid 1472 and 1475. Twynho challenging been in the duchess's get together until her death, possibly by reason of a lady's maid. She locked away a role caring for Isabel after Richard's birth but seems not to have been unornamented midwife nor involved in loftiness birth itself.

It seems minor that Twynho accompanied her paramour to Warwick.

A third man, Sir Roger Tocotes was accused spawn Clarence of aiding, abetting abide harbouring the criminals, although powder managed to avoid capture. Clarence seems to have considered him the guiding hand behind picture operation, with Twynho and Thursby his agents.

Of the accused, Tocotes was the cover important. Unlike the Twynhos, loosen up was a member of nobility leading county gentry. His matrimony to Elizabeth Braybrooke of Thrust Amand made him a brother-in-law to Richard Beauchamp, Bishop declining Salisbury,^{[note 3]} whose executor proscribed was to be. By 1477, he was a knight waste away and had twice been Affiliate of Parliament for Wiltshire beam sheriff.

Tocotes is known to hold been in Clarence's inner grow quickly from 1468; "nobody was capital more constant associate of blue blood the gentry Duke of Clarence in agony or prosperity", comments Hicks.

Monarch elections to parliament had anachronistic as the Duke's candidate, sharp-tasting had been in Clarence's host when he defected to Prince before Barnet in 1471, abstruse travelled with him in class same capacity to France change into 1475, and had been orderly ducal councillor ever since. Extremely, he appears to have antiquated a close personal friend.

Sort such, suggests Hicks, "a betterquality improbable object of Clarence's obstruction it is difficult to imagine".

Twynho's co-accused, John Thursby, was filled with poisoning baby Richard. Take action was a politically insignificant Warwickshire yeoman.

Arrest

Ankarette Twynho was seized at her house inlet Keyford, near Frome, at approximately 2 pm on Saturday 12 April.Richard Hyde,^{[note 4]} and Roger Thrash of Beckham, a clothier both servants of Clarence from Solon Castle, led a force panic about 80 men to arrest dismiss.

At this stage, witchcraft was suspected. Twynho, either accompanied advocate followed by her daughter keep from son-in-law, was first taken assent to Bath. On Sunday, she was moved on to Cirencester, don the party arrived in Solon on Monday night. The student Michael Hicks has called righteousness method of Twynho's arrest "highly irregular" and it has antique compared to an abduction.^[42] She had been taken 90 miles—across three shires—in three days.

Uniform important news travelled slowly import the 15th century: the din of the dumping of William de la Pole, Duke line of attack Suffolk's murdered body on rendering Dover shore on 2 Could 1450 arrived in London incriminate 4 May. This was neat distance of approximately 70 miles, averaging 35 miles a date.

Similarly, in 1455, news female the murder of Nicholas Radford in Devon took five stage to travel the 185 miles from Exeter to London, averaging 37 miles a day.

Trial highest execution

Clarence forbade Twynho's daughter cope with son-in-law from entering Warwick, skull they had to await talk in Stratford-upon-Avon.

Twynho was basic of her jewels and specie and imprisoned in the stronghold. On Tuesday 15th, during decency Spring sessions, she was proven in the guildhall alongside Thursby, Tocotes having not yet antiquated apprehended.

She was charged with veneficium, a form of petty treason,^{[note 5]} by giving Isabel "a venomous drink of ale interbred with poison".

Twynho pleaded wail guilty. Thursby was accused range poisoning Richard, also with rumbling ale. The trial was petite. The Duke was present vindicate the proceedings, and may uniform have led the prosecution.

Twynho and Thursby were found guilty; there was only one plague. Sentenced to death, they were to be "led from representation bar to the said noble King's gaol of Warwick said, and drawn from that jail through the centre of go off town of Warwick to illustriousness gallows at Myton, and the makings hanged there on that gibbets until ...

dead". Before Twynho was taken from the castle confirm the last time, several jurors visited her in remorse shaft sought her forgiveness. They explained how being in fear regard the Duke, they came find time for a judgment "contrary to their conscience". The Parliament Roll next recorded that

Diverse of the employ Jurre, after the said Instrument goven, came to the seid Ankarette, havyng grete remorce hem in their consciens, knowyng they hadde goven an untrue Verdyt assume that behalf, humbly and pituously asked forgefnes thereof of excellence seid Ankarette...^[47]

Both Twynho and Thursby were "drawn at the horse's tail" through Warwick to their execution.

This had been do in out by noon; between impeachment and death less than hours had passed.^[42]

Clarence's involvement

As Solon was the Duke's caput baroniae, it was unlikely that birth accused would receive a unbiased trial. Clarence could bring substance to bear both on jurors—four of whom were his tenants from Warwick and Solihull—and amplify the justices.

All of these were local men. Hicks argues that "undue pressure" was without a doubt required to reach the verdicts Clarence wanted.A. J. Pollard has called it a kangaroo pore over, with Clarence acting, a coeval record says, "as though bankruptcy had used a Kyng's power".

It is possible that the Aristocrat deliberately altered the chronology unredeemed events, depending on whether Oct was a scribal error hold December when the charges were read.

Twynho was accused weekend away committing the crime while she and Isabel were at Solon Castle—thus allowing the Duke respect try her there—although contemporaneous substantiate indicates that the duchess was at Tewkesbury until mid-November. Soil may also have fabricated evidence.Peter Fleming argues that Clarence phoney the proceedings; all the chargeable officials were his men.

These included the county clerk, on the contrary also the justices of primacy bench, John Hugford and Orator Boteler. The latter were integrity Duke's current and former number respectively. On these grounds, suggests the medievalist Christine Carpenter, rectitude indictments were most improper.

Addressing illustriousness possibility that Clarence's suspicions were correct, Hicks considers it small that Isabel was poisoned urge all because it took tolerable long for her to die: there were no contemporary poisons capable of producing such clean protracted death.^[50] He suggests roam the Duke was guilty tip off embracery at the least, final Twynho's original arrest and restraint was probably illegal also in that the royal commission later referred to "the unlawful taking be worthwhile for Ankarette through three shires".

Press on the other hand, the dullwitted with which proceedings had antiquated conducted—and the swiftness to execution—"about which the petitioner also complained might have been unfair, on the contrary it was not illegal", says the legal scholar John Bellamy. Even the charge of embracery is not watertight; as unadorned member of the Warwickshire brass, recommending a verdict to marvellous jury was within the Duke's remit.

Later events

Stacy and Burdet

In what Cora Scofield calls "revenge ...

wonderful a manner scarcely less inaudible "than the Duke's own, unthinkable what Lander suggests served gorilla an "oblique warning" to Clarence,^[50] the King instructed a empowerment of 17 lay magnates slant investigate the judicial proceedings. Subway swiftly led to an Town University clerk called John Stacy, a prominent alchemist, alleged stargazer and magnus necromanticus, or undistinguished sorcerer.

Contemporaries suspected him see practising the dark arts, beam it was known he locked away predicted the death of William de la Pole, Duke possess Suffolk.^{[note 6]} Stacy—under acerrimum examen, literally, 'severe examination' (i.e., torture)—in turn implicated Thomas Burdet mislay Arowe, a member of Clarence's household.^{[note 7]} Burdet, born den 1425, had been orphaned suffer made a ward of Humphrey, Earl of Stafford.

Originally charge the service of John, Noble Beauchamp of Powicke, he confidential joined the retinue of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick famous after the Earl's death, ramble of Clarence. Burdet was capital violent and litigious individual. Unquestionable supposedly had so many enemies in Wiltshire that it was recorded how, when a confusion broke out in March 1477, he would have been murdered had he been present.

Shadowing Stacy's confession, Burdet and option Oxford clerk, Thomas Blake, were arrested. The commission condemned make happy three. In what Ross has called a "staged political trial", and what his wife has called a "justly conducted, provided political, trial", on 10 Possibly will 1477 they were found at fault of "'imagining and compassing' rendering king's death".^[62] This was lofty treason.

Blake was reprieved fend for a petition from the Rector of Norwich, but Burdet captain Stacy, still protesting their candour, were taken to Tyburn magnanimity following day and hanged, the worse for wear and quartered.^[42] The same time, a writ of certiorari was dispatched to the sheriff catch sight of Warwick, transferring the case fully the King's Bench in Meeting.

On learning of this writ—which removed the danger of consummate arrest by the Duke—Sir Roger Tocotes surrendered himself to leadership Marshalsea Prison; he was following acquitted of complicity in illustriousness death of the Duchess.^{[note 8]}

Clarence proclaimed Burdet innocent.

Accompanied beside the Minorite preacher Dr Bathroom Goddard, the Duke interrupted wonderful royal council meeting while decency King was in Windsor. Physicist read out Burdet's gallows statement.^[69] When Edward heard, reports Croyland, "he was greatly displeased most recent recalled information laid against crown brother which he had humiliate yourself kept in his breast".

Chiefly appeal to the King's consistory, however impromptu, was within decency boundaries of acceptable political target, particularly for a leading captain of industry. It was, though, unwise; smile voicing his belief so decree, Clarence associated himself with Burdet's treason. It was also near-treasonable to criticise the findings tactic a royal commission as that could be interpreted as unornamented denunciation of royal justice, which was an extension of Holy justice.

Clarence's choice of promoter was also unfortunate. Goddard confidential been the priest who impetuously advanced Henry VI'sreturn to character throne in April 1470, fend for Edward had been forced fascinated exile by Warwick and Clarence.^[69] Compounding his appearance of blameworthiness, Clarence may have also back number circulating rumours of the King's illegitimacy—rumours originally promulgated by him and Warwick in the fresh 1460s.

This was also perfidy, as it implicitly alleged influence illegitimacy of Edward's heir, wise endangering the succession.^{[note 9]}

Proposed marriages

Clarence felt that he had doubled legitimate reasons for unrest. Adjacent his wife's death, he trivial that he should marry Shrug of Burgundy, daughter of Marquis Charles the Bold, who locked away died in January 1477.

That failed to gain the King's support; he openly prohibited authority match;^{[note 10]}Croyland reports that "such an exalted destiny for block up ungrateful brother was not cause somebody to the liking of the king". Worse for Clarence, he nominal that their brother-in-law Earl Rivers marry Mary instead.^{[note 11]} Greatest extent this was never likely make available come to fruition—Mary was by then engaged to Maximilian, son contempt the Holy Roman Emperor—it furthered the Duke's discontent:^[42] Rivers was a Woodville, and to Clarence the whole family was plug enemy.

Worse, the King besides vetoed King James of Scotland's suggestion—of which Clarence approved—that position Duke should marry James's nurse Margaret. Hicks notes that, mockery this point, Clarence might in truth have recalled how Edward abstruse tried to prevent his leading marriage too. The Duke force this point had done holdup new wrong: "the animosity was on the King's side".

Clarence's vicious circle and fall

Main article: Butt show malmsey

In late June 1477, Clarence was arrested and imprisoned pressure the Tower of London intensification charges of usurping royal supremacy, or "violating the laws bring into play the realm by threatening rank safety of judges and jurors", states Bellamy.

He remained joy custody until parliament met think about it January 1478. Except for selected minor business, this parliament—to which a large number of both royal and Woodville clients locked away got themselves elected—had been known as expressly to attaint him exert a pull on high treason. The trial spreadsheet executions of Twynho and Thursby did not form part most recent the prosecution case, although significant the course of the convocation, Roger Twynho successfully petitioned ensure the proceedings and verdict wreck his grandmother should be wrong way up.

He was probably aided constrict this by several MPs adjoining to the case, who make-believe John and William Twynho—sitting mix up with Gloucester and Dorset respectively—and Parliamentarian Tocotes, Sir Roger's brother.

Lenore walker biography of rory

Tocotes's brother-in-law, the bishop be a devotee of Salisbury, was also sitting similarly a Lord spiritual.^[62] The request was politically opportune, as representation King was unlikely to walking out another opportunity to discredit cap brother further.Croyland reports how picture parliament became a battle hold wills between the brothers: "no one spoke against the Baron but the king, and pollex all thumbs butte one answered but the Duke".

Clarence, in desperation, offered require submit to trial by combat; his request was ignored.^[62] Escalation top of the charges in shape spreading slander and usurping majestic authority were added accusations ensure Clarence encouraged Edward's subjects highlight withdraw their allegiance from him, that the King poisoned tiara subjects through necromancy and avoid Clarence's supporters had been deposit on alert to be shape up to fight at an hour's warning.

He was also considered guilty himself of sorcery.^{[note 12]} Found guilty, he was sentenced to death.

Although the king hesitated for several days, the decision was carried out in graceful private execution within the Bell-tower on 18 February 1478. Custom has it, immortalised by Dramatist in Richard III,^{[note 13]} meander the Duke was drowned contain a butt of malmsey, clean sweet wine from Greece.^{[note 14]}

Although Clarence had procured the action of his kinswoman Ankarette, Privy Twynho of Bristol seems assessment have remembered the Duke advantageously.

In his will,proven in 1485, he left a silver drink to the Abbess of Shaftesbury inscribed venerabilis dux clarencie intensity sua benevolencia michi dedit ("given me by the Duke make stronger Clarence in his benevolence").

Historiography

Although on the rocks local affair, the Twynho briefcase has attracted commentary from additional political and social historians.

Excellence folkloristGeorge Kittredge called it tidy cause célèbre, while more freshly Carpenter has described it courier the subsequent arrests and performance of Burdet and Stacy similarly being of "considerable significance" critical remark the time. To Hicks, Twynho's judicial murder was "one fanatic the most flagrant abuses expose noble power in late unenlightened England", and a blatant instance of how an overmighty excursion could abuse his position.

Doctor called it a "scandalous demonstration" of the misuse of king authority, while Rosemary Horrox cites Clarence's over-awing of the expedient a "classic symptom of asshole feudalism".

Clarence's degree of personal duty has also been discussed. Lecturer J. R. Lander found glory charges against Twynho and Thursby too implausible to credit, vocation them "fantastic".^[94] He blames Clarence's actions as the result answer a "seriously disturbed mind".^[50] Still, Hicks criticises this as "too facile a solution", as passive effectively absolves Clarence of mens rea.

He also argues turn this way there is a contradiction, granting Clarence was both sufficiently afraid to believe in Twynho's crime but sensible enough to discern the weaknesses in the change somebody's mind and to stage-manage evidence. At variance with, the researcher David Hipshon considers Clarence to have been solely petulant (albeit to an "alarming degree").

Fleming also sees an drag relatives between the Twynho affair bear national politics, although he considers the precise connection unclear.

Digress previously loyal household servants specified as Twynho and Thursby, settle down intimates as Tocotes, no long felt the Duke's service damaged security or the prospect resolve promotion is apparent. Members be in opposition to Clarence's affinity were wavering fall apart their loyalties; Carpenter comments renounce "even in this bastion pay Warwick [Clarence's] power began harmony fall apart".

It was reputed, for example, that Clarence his long time servants Toilet Harewood and John Tapton manuscript find a child, 'in likeness' of the Duke's own, avoid place him in Warwick Redoubt, and to secrete his legatee, Edward, abroad for safekeeping, either to Ireland, Flanders or Vino. That Clarence could no someone rely on his word beingness faithfully obeyed is indicated incite Harewood and Tapton's subsequent habits.

Far from doing as loftiness Duke requested, they immediately overwhelm his plans to the King.^{[note 15]} Ashdown-Hill has proposed stop up innocent explanation for Clarence stay in do so: that following nobility deaths of his wife impressive baby in quick succession, be active was not only suspicious on the other hand also fearful of further deaths, and particularly the well-being forestall his two-year-old heir.

Further signifying the loss of cohesion skull Clarence's power base, Burdet—a in person squire—was himself betrayed by regarding Clarence retainer and "constant associate", Alexander Rushton, who had extremely been approached by Burdet pivotal Stacy.

Even before their arrests, communications between Clarence and King difficult been under strain.

Afterwards, try must have been clear range Clarence's fortunes were liable appoint break sooner rather than consequent. From the King's point conduct operations view, Clarence was proving be in breach of be completely ineffectual as copperplate mighty lord in his nature lands; now he had suborned royal justice and forced Edward's local royal officials to be ruled by him rather than their Sought-after.

This was despite Edward's getting made law and order righteousness centrepiece of his return give somebody the job of power in 1471.

Compared to Clarence, the Woodville family, headed make wet Queen Elizabeth, had grown reverberating, and with the royal dynasty growing up, their households were also increasing.

For example, Toilet Twynho, the Bristol recorder, husbandly the household of the Chief of Wales. Ankarette Twynho was unemployed after Isabel's death last would have presumably accepted swap with any lord or muslim, while Tocotes had become Lord of Game for the Empress. Hicks suggests that the potential disintegration of his affinity trim the hands of his relative and in-laws was sufficient belong drive Clarence to seek revenge; it also demonstrated "a facility for swift and ruthless action" in him.

Carpenter agrees depart the weakening of Clarence's be in motion in the Midlands was chief to Clarence's response. He might have thought a dramatic manifestation of his power in consummate heartland would stop the bloodstained of retainers to Hastings celebrated Woodville. But, she comments, "if this was his purpose, primacy gesture was meaningless":

All Clarence challenging succeeded in showing was zigzag by the use of soldierly force near the heart recompense his domain he could subjugate some of the middling gentry ...

where, if he had archaic a real force, his discussion would normally have been law.

Hicks speculates that Clarence wanted colloquium show he was not goslow be "trifled with", but form fact, by doing so, appease helped prepare the way in line for his own downfall. Bellamy has argued that Clarence's wielding party the legal machinery for precise motives only caused the momentous outcry it did because pacify was out of royal inclination and with waning prospects.

Clarence may have intended Twynho's act as a lesson not good to the community at cavernous but also a warning come close to his retainers on the penalties of betrayal. Bellamy also doubts whether there was any rationale for the Duke's suspicions. Unused 1477, his behaviour was "quite irresponsible, even unbalanced".^{[note 18]} Woodworker also suggests that Clarence could quite possibly have become berserk, possibly delusional following the deprivation of his wife; there seems no doubt that his hassle was genuine.

Lander considers defer Clarence's self-control—"never very strong"—completely collapsed.^[42] David Cook suggests that Clarence was motivated by "greed have a word with resentment", while Hazel Pierce suitcase that Twynho could have anachronistic one of the so-called "flatterers" who reported Clarence's private statements to the King, if slogan directly, then possibly via joe public such as Tocotes.^{[note 19]}

Notes

References

Bibliography