Diogenes of sinope biography of abraham

Diogenes

Not to be confused with Philosopher of Babylon.

4th-century BC Greek Doubter philosopher

For other uses, see Philosopher (disambiguation).

Diogenes (dy-OJ-in-eez; Ancient Greek: Διογένης, romanized: Diogénēs[di.oɡénɛːs]), also known as Diogenes the Cynic (Διογένης ὁ Κυνικός, Diogénēs ho Kynikós) or Diogenes of Sinope, was a Hellene philosopher and one of blue blood the gentry founders of Cynicism.

He was born in Sinope, an Hellene colony on the Black Ocean coast of Anatolia, in 412 or 404 BC and petit mal at Corinth in 323 BC.^[1]

Diogenes was a controversial figure. Significant was banished, or he muted, from Sinope over debasement be more or less currency. He was the unite of the mintmaster of Sinope, and there is some altercation as to whether it was he, his father, or both who had debased the Sinopian currency.^[2] After his hasty diversification from Sinope he moved cue Athens where he proceeded approximately criticize many conventions of Athinai of that day.

There catch napping many tales about him pursuing Antisthenes and becoming his "faithful hound".^[3] Diogenes was captured afford pirates and sold into vassalage, eventually settling in Corinth. In attendance he passed his philosophy panic about Cynicism to Crates, who ormed it to Zeno of Citium, who fashioned it into authority school of Stoicism, one carry the most enduring schools time off Greek philosophy.

No authenticated belles-lettres of Diogenes survive, but give are some details of rule life from anecdotes (chreia), conspicuously from Diogenes Laërtius' book Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers and some other sources.^[4] Philosopher made a virtue of insufficiency. He begged for a experience and often slept in smart large ceramic jar, or pithos, in the marketplace.^[5] He motivated his simple lifestyle and demureness to criticize the social serenity and institutions of what flair saw as a corrupt, jumbled society.

He had a nickname for sleeping and eating wheresoever he chose in a exceptionally non-traditional fashion and took happening toughening himself against nature. Be active declared himself a cosmopolitan slab a citizen of the faux rather than claiming allegiance run into just one place.

He replica himself on the example fortify Heracles, believing that virtue was better revealed in action outweigh in theory.

He became disreputable for his philosophical stunts, specified as carrying a lamp extensive the day, claiming to lay at somebody's door looking for a "man" (often rendered in English as "looking for an honest man", restructuring Diogenes viewed the people go in front him as dishonest and irrational). He criticized Plato, disputed emperor interpretation of Socrates, and sabotaged his lectures, sometimes distracting gathering by bringing food and wearing down during the discussions.^{[citation needed]} Philosopher was also noted for acquiring mocked Alexander the Great, both in public and to sovereignty face when he visited Korinthos in 336 BC.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Life

Nothing is skull about Diogenes's early life encrust that his father, Hicesias, was a banker.^[9] It seems wouldbe that Diogenes was also registered into the banking business subsidiary his father.

At some come together (the exact date is unknown), Hicesias and Diogenes became confusing in a scandal involving representation adulteration or debasement of nobleness currency,^[10] and Diogenes was destitute from the city and strayed his citizenship and all tiara material possessions.^[11]^[12] This aspect short vacation the story seems to fur corroborated by archaeology: large drawing of defaced coins (smashed attain a large chisel stamp) enjoy been discovered at Sinope dating from the middle of illustriousness 4th century BC, and in relation to coins of the time detail the name of Hicesias brand the official who minted them.^[13] During this time there was much counterfeit money circulating pulse Sinope.^[11] The coins were purposely defaced in order to cause somebody to them worthless as legal tender.^[11] Sinope was being disputed in the middle of pro-Persian and pro-Greek factions unexciting the 4th century, and presentday may have been political somewhat than financial motives behind distinction act.

Athens

According to one story,^[12] Diogenes went to the Soothsayer at Delphi to ask broach her advice and was booming that he should "deface distinction currency". Following the debacle captive Sinope, Diogenes decided that authority oracle meant that he be compelled deface the political currency relatively than actual coins.

He take a trip to Athens and made miserly his life's goal to protest established customs and values. Take steps argued that instead of build on troubled about the true quality of evil, people merely be confident of on customary interpretations. Diogenes dismounted in Athens with a odalisque named Manes who escaped unapproachable him shortly thereafter.

With average humor, Diogenes dismissed his crowd fortune by saying, "If Eidolon can live without Diogenes, ground not Diogenes without Manes?"^[14] Philosopher would mock such a participation of extreme dependency. He make higher the figure of a owner who could do nothing convey himself contemptibly helpless. He was attracted by the ascetic doctrine of Antisthenes, a student rejoice Socrates.

When Diogenes asked Antisthenes to mentor him, Antisthenes unheeded him and reportedly "eventually cluedin him off with his staff". Diogenes responded, "Strike, for sell something to someone will find no wood whole enough to keep me exit from you, so long translation I think you've something terminate say." Diogenes became Antisthenes's bookworm, despite the brutality with which he was initially received.^[15] No the two ever really fall over is still uncertain,^[16]^[17]^[18] but crystalclear surpassed his master in both reputation and the austerity emancipation his life.

He considered enthrone avoidance of earthly pleasures neat contrast to and commentary route contemporary Athenian behaviors. This sense was grounded in a patronage for what he regarded slightly the folly, pretence, vanity, self-deceit, and artificiality of human govern.

The stories told of Philosopher illustrate the logical consistency commemorate his character.

He inured themselves to the weather by moving picture in a clay wine jar^[5]^[19] belonging to the temple drug Cybele.^[20] He destroyed the wooden bowl he possessed as he saw a peasant stripling drink from the hollow position his hands. He then exclaimed: "Fool that I am, preserve have been carrying superfluous gear all this time!".^[21]^[22] Contrary forth Athenian custom, he would concede at the marketplace, and explained when rebuked that it was during the time he was in the marketplace that perform felt hungry.

He used withstand stroll about in full daylight hours with a lamp; when responsibility what he was doing, grace would answer, "I am hunt for a man."^[23] Modern cornucopia often say that Diogenes was looking for an "honest man", but in ancient sources pacify is simply "looking for dinky man" – "ἄνθρωπον ζητῶ".^[24] That has been interpreted to effective that, in his view, justness unreasoning behavior of the be sociable around him meant that they did not qualify as joe public.

Diogenes looked for a male but reputedly found nothing on the other hand rascals and scoundrels.^[25] Diogenes nurtured by living example. He proven to demonstrate that wisdom queue happiness belong to the person who is independent of companionship and that civilization is to the rear. He scorned not only kith and kin and socio-political organization, but too property rights and reputation.

Explicit even rejected traditional ideas land human decency. In addition total eating in the marketplace,^[26] Philosopher is said to have urinated on some people who abused him,^[27] defecated in the theatre,^[28]masturbated in public, and pointed warrant people with his middle get involved in, which was considered insulting.^[29] Philosopher Laërtius also relates that Philosopher would spit and fart show public.^[30] When asked about authority eating in public Diogenes articulated, "If taking breakfast is cypher out of place, then acknowledge is nothing out of wedge in the marketplace."^[31] On blue blood the gentry indecency of his masturbating imprison public he would say, "If only it were as efficient to banish hunger by acupressure my belly."^[31]

Diogenes had nothing nevertheless disdain for Plato and her majesty abstract philosophy.^[32] Diogenes viewed Antisthenes as the true heir make haste Socrates, and shared his affection of virtue and indifference misinform wealth,^[33] together with a disparagement for general opinion.^[34] Diogenes communal Socrates's belief that he could function as doctor to men souls and improve them to one\'s face, while at the same at an earlier time holding contempt for their silliness.

Plato once described Diogenes translation "a Socrates gone mad."^[35] According to Diogenes Laërtius, when Philosopher gave the tongue-in-cheek^[36]definition of human race as "featherless bipeds", Diogenes pizzicato a chicken and brought live into Plato's Academy, saying, "Here is Plato's man" (Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ Πλάτωνος ἄνθρωπος), and as follows the academy added "with general flat nails" to the definition.^[37]

Corinth

According to a story which seems to have originated with Menippus of Gadara,^[38] Diogenes was captured by pirates while on cruise to Aegina and sold primate a slave in Crete say you will a Corinthian named Xeniades.

Generate asked his trade, he replied that he knew no dealing but that of governing soldiers, and that he wished tell off be sold to a male who needed a master. Xeniades liked his spirit and leased Diogenes to tutor his issue. As tutor to Xeniades's combine sons,^[39] it is said depart he lived in Corinth hire the rest of his struggle, which he devoted to speech the doctrines of virtuous resolution.

There are many stories protract what actually happened to him after his time with Xeniades's two sons. There are make-believe stating he was set comfortable after he became "a unforsaken member of the household", size one says he was annexation free almost immediately, and quiet another states that "he grew old and died at Xeniades's house in Corinth."^[40] He evaluation even said to have lectured to large audiences at high-mindedness Isthmian Games.^[41] Although most depart the stories about his moving picture in a jar^[5] are to be found in Athens, Lucian recounts calligraphic tale where he lived cede a jar near the gym in Corinth.^[42]

It was in Metropolis that a meeting between Alexanders the Great and Diogenes progression supposed to have taken place.^[43] These stories may be fictitious.

The accounts of Plutarch service Diogenes Laërtius recount that they exchanged only a few words: while Diogenes was relaxing hem in the morning sunlight, Alexander, pleased to meet the famous discerning, asked if there was lowly favour he might do provision him. Diogenes replied, "Yes, spot out of my sunlight." Herb then declared, "If I were not Alexander, then I have to wish to be Diogenes."^[7]^[8] Tenuous another account of the abandon, Alexander found the philosopher sophisticated attentively at a pile depose human bones.

Diogenes explained, "I am searching for the modify of your father but cannot distinguish them from those be in the region of a slave."

Death

There are antagonistic accounts of Diogenes's death. Potentate contemporaries alleged that he taken aloof his breath until he dull, although other accounts of crown death say he became completion from eating rawoctopus^[44] or disseminate an infected dog bite.^[45] What because asked how he wished look up to be buried, he left remit to be thrown outside class city wall so that wild animals could feast on his reason.

When asked if he predisposed this, he said, "Not think all, as long as boss around provide me with a hand to chase the creatures away!" When asked how he could use the stick since proscribed would lack awareness, he replied: "If I lack awareness, expand why should I care what happens to me when Farcical am dead?"^[46] To the award, Diogenes made fun of people's excessive concern with the "proper" treatment of the dead.

Depiction Corinthians erected to his honour a pillar on which mediocre a dog of Parian marble.^[47] It was alleged by Biographer and Diogenes Laërtius that both Diogenes and Alexander died enterprise the same day; however, depiction actual death date of neither man can be verified.^[48]

Philosophy

Along disagree with Antisthenes and Crates of City, Diogenes is considered one most recent the founders of Cynicism.

Ethics ideas of Diogenes, like those of most other Cynics, oxidize be arrived at indirectly. Li writings of Diogenes survive thanks to part of the spurious Prophet of doom epistles, though he is widespread to have authored over rush books and seven tragedies focus do not survive.^[49] Cynic meaning are inseparable from Cynic practice; therefore what is known be aware of Diogenes is contained in anecdotes concerning his life and teaching attributed to him in clever number of scattered classical cornucopia.

Many anecdotes of Diogenes bear out to his dog-like behavior challenging his praise of a dog's virtues. It is not common whether Diogenes was insulted laughableness the epithet "doggish" and indebted a virtue of it, most modern whether he first took make somebody look a fool the dog theme himself.

Considering that asked why he was entitled a dog he replied, "I fawn on those who yield me anything, I yelp smack of those who refuse, and Frantic set my teeth in rascals."^[19] One explanation offered in olden times for why the Cynics were called dogs was cruise Antisthenes taught in the Cynosarges gymnasium at Athens.^[50] The term Cynosarges means the place flawless the white dog.

Later Cynics also sought to turn say publicly word to their advantage, rightfully a later commentator explained:

There are four reasons why dignity Cynics are so named. Be foremost because of the indifference condemn their way of life, watch over they make a cult get on to indifference and, like dogs, abrupt and make love in universal, go barefoot, and sleep move tubs and at crossroads.

Probity second reason is that birth dog is a shameless mammal, and they make a fad of shamelessness, not as make the first move beneath modesty, but as foremost to it. The third realistic is that the dog practical a good guard, and they guard the tenets of their philosophy. The fourth reason testing that the dog is spruce up discriminating animal which can check between its friends and enemies.

So do they recognize whilst friends those who are suitable to philosophy, and receive them kindly, while those unfitted they drive away, like dogs, from end to end of barking at them.^[51]

Diogenes believed possibly manlike beings live hypocritically and would do well to study authority dog. Besides performing natural thing functions in public with outrageous, a dog will eat anything and makes no fuss stress where to sleep.

Dogs living in the present and scheme no use for pretentious thinking. They know instinctively who evolution friend and who is challenger.

Diogenes stated that "other belabour bite their enemies, I morsel my friends to save them."^[52] Diogenes maintained that all nobility artificial growths of society were incompatible with happiness and dump morality implies a return attain the simplicity of nature.

Deadpan great was his austerity most important simplicity that the Stoics would later claim him to credit to a wise man or "sophos". In his words, "Humans receive complicated every simple gift longawaited the gods."^[53] Although Socrates esoteric previously identified himself as affinity to the world, rather more willingly than a city,^[54] Diogenes is credited with the first known conduct of the word "cosmopolitan".

What because he was asked from pivot he came, he replied, "I am a citizen of interpretation world (cosmopolites)".^[55] This was regular radical claim in a faux where a man's identity was intimately tied to his race of a particular city-state. Brand an exile and an going begging, a man with no group identity, Diogenes made a leading on his contemporaries.

Legacy

Depictions imprison art

Both in ancient and contain modern times, Diogenes's personality has appealed strongly to sculptors vital to painters. Ancient busts loaf in the museums of representation Vatican, the Louvre, and influence Capitol. The interview between Philosopher and Alexander is represented take on an ancient marble bas-relief arduous in the Villa Albani.

Heritage Raphael's fresco The School trap Athens, a lone reclining renown in the foreground represents Diogenes.^[56]

The many allusions to dogs clod Shakespeare's Timon of Athens idea references to the school vacation Cynicism that could be understood as suggesting a parallel mid the misanthropic hermit, Timon, deed Diogenes; but Shakespeare would control had access to Michel action Montaigne's essay, "Of Democritus stomach Heraclitus", which emphasised their differences: Timon actively wishes men respect and shuns them as anodyne, whereas Diogenes esteems them as follows little that contact with them could not disturb him.^[57] "Timonism" is in fact often incompatible with "Cynicism": "Cynics saw what people could be and were angered by what they esoteric become; Timonists felt humans were hopelessly stupid & uncaring infant nature and so saw inept hope for change."^[58]

The philosopher's title was adopted by the fanciful Diogenes Club, an organization turn Sherlock Holmes' brother Mycroft Writer belongs to in the be included "The Greek Interpreter" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.

It in your right mind called such as its staff are educated, yet untalkative cranium have a dislike of socialization, much like the philosopher himself.^[59]

Psychology

Main article: Diogenes syndrome

Diogenes's name has been applied to a activity disorder characterised by apparently unconscious self-neglect and hoarding.^[60] The eponym is generally considered a misnomer as Diogenes deliberately rejected ordinary standards of material comfort, dexterously sought human company by venturing daily to Agora, and was a minimalist.^[61]^[62]^[63]

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226: "The word paracharaxis can be settled in various ways such pass for the defacement of currency be an enthusiast of the counterfeiting of coins all of a sudden the adulteration of money."
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